Primary Education Essay

The Government of India in 2001 launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), a nationwide programme to provide universal primary education, thereby encouraging secondary education also. The Center passed The Right to Education Act in 1 April 2010, which guarantees free and compulsory education to every child in the 6-14 age groups. But, the lack of awareness on the requirement of pre-school education & operational challenges including the availability of quality teachers are some of the issues that still limit the widespread benefits from the government act. Though the number of institutes has gone up significantly since then, but most of them provide an average education. Many state-funded schools in India lack even the basic infrastructure. In fact the quality of education, especially in remote villages, is very dismal. The quality of teaching in elementary schools is not up to the mark. Teacher absenteeism is widespread, teachers are not adequately trained and the quality of pedagogy is poor. One of the major challenges is the diminishing inclination of youth towards the teaching profession. The low salary base, lack of incentives and a lethargic job with less of dynamism have made the profession a last resort for the youth. Also, the profession has lost the level of respect that it deserved. Nowadays, it is only been seen as a supplementary income, and they keep trying to enhance their qualification, till they get into a better job. While there is immense shortage of primary and upper primary schools, there are some schools in many parts of the district where a single teacher is taking all classes from 1-5. As per RTE Act norms, the ratio of teacher and students should be 1:30 in primary schools and 1: 35 in upper primary schools. But, past 2 years since the enactment of the RTE act, there is a shortage of 1. 2 million teachers in India. This gap has led to lack of interest in the students too, which led to decline in the enrolment and also shift towards tuitions. Key national highlights by ASER report 2009 * The percentage of all rural children in Std 5 reading text at Std 2 level shows a decline from 56. 2 percent in 2008 to 52. 8 percent in 2009. This means around 40% of all rural children in Std 5 in India are at least three grade levels behind based on their level of learning * In math, for children in Std 5, the ability to do division problems has hardly increased. From 2007-09, for children in government schools the ability has actually declined from 41 percent to 36% * In Government Schools, 17. 1 percent students take private tuitions, and it rises to 30. 8 percent by the time they reach standard 8th * In private schools more than 25 percent students take private tuitions from standard 1 itself. Some of these challenges can be overcome by adopting Innovative teaching/ learning methods to achieve the desired quality: For high quality education throughout, India needs to focus on strengthening nation wide network, which would provide equal quality education to all students, including the students from the rural areas and villages, irrespective of the type of school. New methods of delivery would enable to augment access, quality and improve delivery at various levels of education and also to bridge the gap between the faculty requirements and their availability. Information, Communication and technology (ICT) tools such as videos, television and multimedia computer software that combine text, sound, and colourful, moving images can be used to provide challenging and authentic content that would engage the students in the learning process. ICTs can also be used to improve access to and the quality of teacher training. Some international examples in this regard are: * Cyber Teacher Training Center (CTTC) in South Korea is leveraging on Internet to provide better teacher professional development opportunities to in service teachers. The government-funded CTTC, offers self-directed, self-paced web-based courses for primary and secondary school teachers * In China, large-scale radio and television-based teacher education has for many years been conducted by the China Central Radio and TV, University, the Shanghai Radio and TV University (RTVU) and many other RTVUs in the country. Some progressive approaches the Indian education sector has adopted * Eight hundred and fifty schools in India use Tata Sky Active. Besides over a million Tata Sky homes spend more than INR 30 every month to buy services such as Active English, Active Learning and Active Wizkids. * Activity based learning – * Katha: A Initiative involving Amar Chitra Katha characters to impart education to school children * Hey Math: Content providers are selling different school fundamentals as a learning package to children. Initiatives are now in place to sell science packages * Campus-Connect Programs – Governments are having partnerships with training schools for vocational training, like Government of Delhi and IndiaCan have partnered to impart English education to bus drivers * Voucher Schools – * A school voucher or education voucher is a certificate issued by the government which parents can apply toward tuition at a school * The government of Rajasthan has announced two schemes that use school vouchers- Gyanodaya for classes 6-12 and Shikshak ka Apna Vidyalaya for classes 1-5. Trends in Education Sector in Pre-school: Trends| Examples:| Entry of Big Corporate| * Many corporate houses have / are planning to set up their own chain of pre-schools – Pre schools are viewed as attractive investment opportunities due to the growth potential. * For e.g. Alphakids set up by Camlin group and Globe Tot’ers by Yash Birla Group, P&G’s flagship Corporate Social Responsibility Program Shiksha. | Joint Ventures with Builders| * Increasingly preschools are forming joint ventures with builders. Partnering with builders helps in imparting flexibility in the business against high lease rentals * AEZ group and Mothers Pride entered into a JV for a Preschool| Upgrade to K 12| * Preschool chains are moving up the value chain by upgrading to K-12 schools to ensure scalability  for preschool firms * Kidzee, Euro Kids and Kangaroo Kids are upgrading to K-12 school and a large majority of their preschool population is expected to be the potential customers for K-12| Expansion to Tier I & Tier II Cities| * Demand and affordability is increasing in small towns with the growing awareness among people about the need to send children to preschools. * Euro kids plans to add 1000 pre schools in medium term with Tier II and Tier III cities as growth drivers| Leveraging Infrastructure foreconomic viability| * In order to maximize space utilization, preschools are leveraging the existing infrastructure to generate additional revenues * Additional programmes are being offered in the same premise in order to allow higher utilization of the infrastructure|.

An Inspector Calls

Though the girl subject to this as they find out ay not have actually died, this changes some Of the group's views which results in a family backlash. However, if Eva Smith, Daisy Rent and the girl who came to the Brimley women's council were all the same girl, and she subsequently died because of their actions, which character was the least responsible for her death? The first person to experience the effortless wrath of the inspector is Mr. Bribing, who is easily recognizable as the most stubborn of the lot.Instantly he tries to intimidate the inspector by rather cockily stating his past and present positions such as his time as Lord Mayor as well as his continued place on the Bench. Unlike many people Mr. Geol. stays calm and even emerges as the most dominate figure in the room almost immediately with ease. After Bribing notices this he begins to show a bit more intolerance or ‘impatience' as it says in the stage directions. Mr. Burbling part in the death is effectively star ting off a chain reaction.Eva was a worker in his factory at a time when the lower class were beginning to speak out about the cruelties of their lives and their work. The suffragettes were a growing voice since 1903 when they were formed. Trade unions were growing increasingly large with strikes happening thick and fast, with two years before being ebbed as ‘the great unrest'. Thus when the girl came asking for a couple shillings more a week she was instantly rejected along. After ‘a week or two' on strike all the workers on strike were allowed to return apart from a few ringleaders, of course one of these was Miss Smith.I believe this makes him one of the least responsible as he followed the general course of action that almost every other factory owner would have at that time. Although many people would still highlight and abhor his complete lack of remorse he consistently shows throughout the play, showing no consideration to anyone rower down the ladder of class. Th is is proven almost every time he opens his mouth; statements such as ‘a man has to look after himself' and ‘I still can't accept any responsibility, with the latter coming just after he found out his part in it all. Even though it used to be him near the bottom.The next victim of the inspector is the sweet Sheila Bribing. As she only entered the room as Geol. was moving away from Brisling's time in the spotlight she only learned little of the detail that had actually been disclosed. But still she showed great sorrow towards the tragedy. This builds up an image of Sheila that allows the audience to be much more forgiving when her role comes to light. When Mr. Geol. carries on his story telling we find out that Eva very fortunately takes advantage of the spreading influenza to grab a job at a high up the market clothes shop, Milliards.With secrecy he shows Sheila the photo of her and instantly its effect is evident, causing her to give ‘a half stifled sob' and scatt er out of the room. Her father while he may feel her actions are immature, takes this opportunity to have a much wanted dig at the informant. Once again attempting to make him feel uncomfortable and under pressure, this like before is unsuccessful. When Sheila re-enters the room it is explained that how she caused the girl to lose her job in a very UN-necessary manner. Wink very few people would see this as terrible and unforgiving, whereas most, like myself, would view this as provoked bad luck. Meaning we understand her errors but also believe the timing overlooks that. This is because as she puts it she was already in a ‘furious temper beforehand and adding to this it's never pleasing to be proven wrong (especially by your mother). So Eva unluckily faced the brunt of Sheila's own immaturity and momentary selfishness by eyeing fired, leading her to go in search of a new life.Thirdly is Gerald. Though his part is much different to the rest as he didn't affect her life for the worst. The inspector tells us how becoming Daisy Rent is Eve's fresh start, but when hearing this name Gerald is clearly shocked. So much so that his fiancee begins quizzing him on her before he's even admitted to anything. With only a visual answer she finds out how last summer when Mr. Croft was apparently too busy (with work) to spend much time with her, was actually a cover-up.Consequently turning Gerald from charming fiance to the audience's villain. That nickname, however, does not last long. His actions towards her prove he has a lot more respect for the opposite sex then many people of his grade. More evidence is he tells us how it wasn't intentional for her to end up his mistress nonetheless he did gracefully accept that it was inevitable. Most likely because she was young, ‘pretty' and ‘warm-hearted'. Soon his friend was returning home and it had to end, but this time she left in a better place.Even though he was having an affair which enforces that he can't r espect women to a huge extent, it is still clear he did only have good intentions in his heart. Taking this into consideration I still think this makes him the least responsible as he did actually re-instate happiness into her increasingly torrid life. Next in the play but last in the real time events IS Mrs. Bribing. Ever since her introduction to the conversation (and often argument) she has been closed-mined like her husband but this completely opposite to their children.This is much in line with the common perception of the older ages and the younger ages. The older one being how they are Often stubborn, especially if they have been caught out or proven wrong, causing them to effuse themselves the ability to learn from they're mistakes. Whereas Sheila and Eric accept and even exaggerate their responsibility which makes them the subject of patronizing from their parents, such as being told numerous times to ‘keep quiet' and referring Sheila's behavior as ‘like an hyst erical child'.Mrs. Burbling faults were perhaps the most influential as she turned the UN-named girl away at by far the most important time. Eva pretending her name was Mrs. Bribing almost confirmed her fate. As older women of the time's tendency to hold grudges was Omni-present here. The real Mrs. Bribing scribed this as ‘a piece of gross impertinence', impertinence being possibly Sibyl's favorite word to describe people she believes to be beneath her (which is almost everyone).This altogether gives no opportunity for anyone to speak positively about her in any manner. Sybil constantly adds to her already very pessimistic persona by egocentric comments throughout the play. After being proven guilty she comes out with ‘l accept no blame at all', deliberately evading the truth like she continues to do for the rest of the play. She tries to make herself seem more innocent than everyone else – but in fact everything he says is based on her desire to avoid anything wh ich is ‘offensive' to her social sensibility.Her twisted morals and her missing compunction which led to an innocent girl's death makes me believe she is more responsible for Eve's death. Lastly Eric who is not all the man his parents believe him to be. As for 2 years he has been ‘steadily drinking' unbeknown to his parents. Throughout the play he is shown as a weak, foolish, and thoughtless youth with his part in the loss of life coming down to character-flaws. Though at least it is clear he genuinely grief-stricken with the death as when he finds out his mother laded a huge role in the death he almost breaks down.Partly because it was the death of her own grandchild and partly because he is mortified by the fact she could have made a difference but chose not to. With Eric you can so nearly synthesis but his lack of responsibility ruins that. For example when he admits to stealing money to support Eva you can acknowledge the attempted act of kindness but then you have t o condemn the cowardly way in which it was carried out. Regardless of this Rise penitence is to be respected, also his errors were not out of wickedness, but from his own attributes. An Inspector Calls Though the girl subject to this as they find out ay not have actually died, this changes some Of the group's views which results in a family backlash. However, if Eva Smith, Daisy Rent and the girl who came to the Brimley women's council were all the same girl, and she subsequently died because of their actions, which character was the least responsible for her death? The first person to experience the effortless wrath of the inspector is Mr. Bribing, who is easily recognizable as the most stubborn of the lot.Instantly he tries to intimidate the inspector by rather cockily stating his past and present positions such as his time as Lord Mayor as well as his continued place on the Bench. Unlike many people Mr. Geol. stays calm and even emerges as the most dominate figure in the room almost immediately with ease. After Bribing notices this he begins to show a bit more intolerance or ‘impatience' as it says in the stage directions. Mr. Burbling part in the death is effectively star ting off a chain reaction.Eva was a worker in his factory at a time when the lower class were beginning to speak out about the cruelties of their lives and their work. The suffragettes were a growing voice since 1903 when they were formed. Trade unions were growing increasingly large with strikes happening thick and fast, with two years before being ebbed as ‘the great unrest'. Thus when the girl came asking for a couple shillings more a week she was instantly rejected along. After ‘a week or two' on strike all the workers on strike were allowed to return apart from a few ringleaders, of course one of these was Miss Smith.I believe this makes him one of the least responsible as he followed the general course of action that almost every other factory owner would have at that time. Although many people would still highlight and abhor his complete lack of remorse he consistently shows throughout the play, showing no consideration to anyone rower down the ladder of class. Th is is proven almost every time he opens his mouth; statements such as ‘a man has to look after himself' and ‘I still can't accept any responsibility, with the latter coming just after he found out his part in it all. Even though it used to be him near the bottom.The next victim of the inspector is the sweet Sheila Bribing. As she only entered the room as Geol. was moving away from Brisling's time in the spotlight she only learned little of the detail that had actually been disclosed. But still she showed great sorrow towards the tragedy. This builds up an image of Sheila that allows the audience to be much more forgiving when her role comes to light. When Mr. Geol. carries on his story telling we find out that Eva very fortunately takes advantage of the spreading influenza to grab a job at a high up the market clothes shop, Milliards.With secrecy he shows Sheila the photo of her and instantly its effect is evident, causing her to give ‘a half stifled sob' and scatt er out of the room. Her father while he may feel her actions are immature, takes this opportunity to have a much wanted dig at the informant. Once again attempting to make him feel uncomfortable and under pressure, this like before is unsuccessful. When Sheila re-enters the room it is explained that how she caused the girl to lose her job in a very UN-necessary manner. Wink very few people would see this as terrible and unforgiving, whereas most, like myself, would view this as provoked bad luck. Meaning we understand her errors but also believe the timing overlooks that. This is because as she puts it she was already in a ‘furious temper beforehand and adding to this it's never pleasing to be proven wrong (especially by your mother). So Eva unluckily faced the brunt of Sheila's own immaturity and momentary selfishness by eyeing fired, leading her to go in search of a new life.Thirdly is Gerald. Though his part is much different to the rest as he didn't affect her life for the worst. The inspector tells us how becoming Daisy Rent is Eve's fresh start, but when hearing this name Gerald is clearly shocked. So much so that his fiancee begins quizzing him on her before he's even admitted to anything. With only a visual answer she finds out how last summer when Mr. Croft was apparently too busy (with work) to spend much time with her, was actually a cover-up.Consequently turning Gerald from charming fiance to the audience's villain. That nickname, however, does not last long. His actions towards her prove he has a lot more respect for the opposite sex then many people of his grade. More evidence is he tells us how it wasn't intentional for her to end up his mistress nonetheless he did gracefully accept that it was inevitable. Most likely because she was young, ‘pretty' and ‘warm-hearted'. Soon his friend was returning home and it had to end, but this time she left in a better place.Even though he was having an affair which enforces that he can't r espect women to a huge extent, it is still clear he did only have good intentions in his heart. Taking this into consideration I still think this makes him the least responsible as he did actually re-instate happiness into her increasingly torrid life. Next in the play but last in the real time events IS Mrs. Bribing. Ever since her introduction to the conversation (and often argument) she has been closed-mined like her husband but this completely opposite to their children.This is much in line with the common perception of the older ages and the younger ages. The older one being how they are Often stubborn, especially if they have been caught out or proven wrong, causing them to effuse themselves the ability to learn from they're mistakes. Whereas Sheila and Eric accept and even exaggerate their responsibility which makes them the subject of patronizing from their parents, such as being told numerous times to ‘keep quiet' and referring Sheila's behavior as ‘like an hyst erical child'.Mrs. Burbling faults were perhaps the most influential as she turned the UN-named girl away at by far the most important time. Eva pretending her name was Mrs. Bribing almost confirmed her fate. As older women of the time's tendency to hold grudges was Omni-present here. The real Mrs. Bribing scribed this as ‘a piece of gross impertinence', impertinence being possibly Sibyl's favorite word to describe people she believes to be beneath her (which is almost everyone).This altogether gives no opportunity for anyone to speak positively about her in any manner. Sybil constantly adds to her already very pessimistic persona by egocentric comments throughout the play. After being proven guilty she comes out with ‘l accept no blame at all', deliberately evading the truth like she continues to do for the rest of the play. She tries to make herself seem more innocent than everyone else – but in fact everything he says is based on her desire to avoid anything wh ich is ‘offensive' to her social sensibility.Her twisted morals and her missing compunction which led to an innocent girl's death makes me believe she is more responsible for Eve's death. Lastly Eric who is not all the man his parents believe him to be. As for 2 years he has been ‘steadily drinking' unbeknown to his parents. Throughout the play he is shown as a weak, foolish, and thoughtless youth with his part in the loss of life coming down to character-flaws. Though at least it is clear he genuinely grief-stricken with the death as when he finds out his mother laded a huge role in the death he almost breaks down.Partly because it was the death of her own grandchild and partly because he is mortified by the fact she could have made a difference but chose not to. With Eric you can so nearly synthesis but his lack of responsibility ruins that. For example when he admits to stealing money to support Eva you can acknowledge the attempted act of kindness but then you have t o condemn the cowardly way in which it was carried out. Regardless of this Rise penitence is to be respected, also his errors were not out of wickedness, but from his own attributes.

Imperial President

‘More imperiled than imperial. ’ Discuss this view of the US presidency (30 marks) Imperial presidency is a term, popularized by the book, written in 1973, by Arthur Schlesinger, a former aide to JFK, called ‘The Imperial Presidency†. It is used to refer to a presidency characterized by the misuse and abuse of the powers of the presidency.. In particular, it refers to the misuse of power and excessive secrecy in dealing with foreign policy. The founding fathers intended the president not to initiate war but be a commander in chief and could only respond to an attack.They intended Congress to be proactive and initiate military action and that the president is reactive and supervises military action. An imperial president would misuse, abuse and ignore these powers. An imperiled presidency is virtually the opposite and is a term used when the president cannot act effectively due to continuous conflict with Congress. At least one of these two terms have been use d to describe each modern president, sometimes both have been used for the same presidency, showing the phrase can be used very flexibly, and can often be down to personal opinion.Nixon described it as a facade created by liberals and defensive congressman. The Development of the Imperial Presidency is often put down to America’s involvement in WW2 after Pearl Harbor in 1941. Before 1941, America had only been to war 11 times, and was often seen to avoid getting involved in foreign disputes and get on with there own business, but this changed obviously changed when they entered the world war. This saw a seismic shift in the importance of foreign policy, and therefore a seismic shift in what the president could do in times of war.In 1941, when Congress declared war, FDR was allowed to break free of his restraints written in the constitution. The time for the Imperial Presidency had arguably begun. Since then, America has nearly been at a constant state of war and â€Å"the Im perial presidency† continued to develop, through the presidencies of Truman, who when North Korea invaded the south in 1950 sent US troops, Eisenhower, who sent 14000 US troops to Lebanon, and JFK, who launched an attack on the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, all without congressional approval as a result.In 1964, the idea of the â€Å"imperial president† took a major step forward. The President at the time, Johnson, was given the power to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks on US armed forces, through the Gulf Agreement, also know as the Tokin Gulf Resolution. The Gulf Agreement was like a turkey voting for Christmas, as it took a sizeable power away from Congress and Schlesinger argued Congress had become a spectator.Johnson used this new power to rage war in Vietnam, and by 1969, the US had 500,000 troops on the ground there. The term Imperial President was used to describe Nixon, Reagan, George Bush Jnr and perhaps Clinton. Nixon, seen as the revolutionary p residency, made full use of his war making powers, by carpet bombing Vietnam, bombing Cambodia without even the knowledge of congress, the so called Secret War in Laos, and didn't even ask the Senate to ratify the Paris Peace accords.Reagan was seen as an Imperial President, due to his involvement in the Iran Contra Affair, in which Regan’s Administration sold weapons to negotiate the release hostages, and then used these funds, without congresses knowledge or approval, to fund anti communist rebels in the Nicaragua. George Bush Junior was seen as an imperial president as he used the fear of terrorism to gain support for the 2001 patriot act and other legislation, and went to war unconstitutional in 2001 in Afghanistan and in 2003 in Iraq.Many people argued Clinton was imperial. This was due to two reasons. First, he wrote a letter that America would follow all parts of a treaty that lost in senate, and took part in military action in Bosnia, Serbia and Haiti and approved air strikes in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Sudan. Schlesinger however argued that he wasn't because he was constrained by Congress. There have been, however, presidents that can be described as Imperil. Following the Watergate Scandal in 1972, Congress had finally had enough of the Imperial Presidents.They believed that Nixon had made illegal use of the CIA for political purpose, and that the white house was overly secretive. They past three major acts over 2 years, which brought power, back to Capitol Hill. In 1972, the Case Act was passed which meant that the president was required to submit executive agreements to congress, which prevents secretive agreements. In 1973, the War Making Act was passed which clarified the war making power of the president, and in 1974, the Congressional Budget and Impoundments Control act was passed which increase Congresses power of the budget.This led to Presidents Ford and Carter, being impotent in dealing with foreign policy issues such as the retaking o f Vietnam by the communist backed North, which led to the South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, which included the US embassy being overrun. Ford argued the congress was now full of 535 commanders-in-chief and this isn’t what the forefathers intended and it didn't work. He wrote that some people used to complain about what they called an ‘imperial presidency’ but now the pendulum has swung too far in the opposite direction.George Bush Jnr Second Term could also been seen as an imperil presidency has he was constrained by the Supreme Court and Congress. Some people say that these terms aren’t useful and do not fully sum up a presidential term. Many people argue it all depends on the situations of the time, and due to America’s involvement in nearly every country in the world, and with one of the most complex foreign policies in the world, which the Algerian Hostage Situation showed can change course in a day, it is impossible to consult on congress on ev ery development concerning its foreign policy.It also cannot be used to describe every president. George Bush Snr was seen as a cooperative presidency as he asked Congress before sending troops to Kuwait, and seeked bipartisan support, but then took the role of commander in chief from there. Obama can be described as neither, as he seeked congressional approval for the START Treaty in 2010, but didn't ask congress about the use of airstrikes in Libya. I believe that in the past 60 years, presidents have been more imperial than imperiled however, when it comes down to foreign policy.Apart from the two failed presidency’s of Carter and Ford, each president has been allowed to control foreign policy effectively and without much congressional interference, but the control peaks and troughs, therefore depending on the time even within a term, a president can change between an imperial president to an imperil president and back again. The history of presidential power over the last 60 or so years tells us that power is a variable, and that presidential power is cyclical and unpredictable. It varies according to the personality of the president, the situations in which they are in office and how well congress supports them.

London will be hosting the Olympic Games in 2012. Compare and contrast Essay

London will be hosting the Olympic Games in 2012. Compare and contrast the running of the last two Olympic Games and suggest how the UK might learn from this - Essay Example he two nations that were short listed for the event were Athens and Rome, and it was the case that Athens beat out its Italian competitor by 66 to 41 votes. According to Hansen (2006) Greece is the historic home to the Olympic Games with the first events being held between city states from approximately 800 BCE to 500 AD. However in the Modern context the first Olympic Games were held in Athens and the return was seen as being significant to the nation. A number of external factors hurt the progress of the Olympic Games in Greece. As argued by Itano (2008) writing for the Christian Science Monitor, the games brought about significant cost overruns that have not paid dividends in the long run. For example the games cost approximately U.S.$15billion which was spent upgrading the transportation infrastructure and to build new facilities yet the Olympic softball stadium arguably stands nearly unused and many of the redeveloped ecological parks developed after the games have been used by Roma as campgrounds. However not all the news is negative for the Mediterranean nation insofar as the nation established a new Airport which can bring with it significant tourist revenues, furthermore new metro infrastructure was built which serves approximately 600,000 people daily. However the financial distress brought about by the games as argued by the Examiner it was indicated that the 2004 Olympics in Athens helped fuel the European financial crisis because Greece had significantly over shot their budgets and had a poor showing in their audiences (Partly attributed to security concerns and post September 11th reluctance for people to fly). This situation made it difficult for Greece to borrow money to pay down other debts accumulated over the years which could be argued is linked to over spending at the summer Olympics. In regards to the Summer Olympics in Beijing in 2008, according to Wines (2010) it was the case that these Olympics were the biggest and most expensive Olympics

Microbiology Final (Research Project) Research Paper

Microbiology Final ( Project) - Research Paper Example Excluding the Reston subtype of Ebola virus, all other types cause infection in the humans (Reddy 2002). The virus was identified initially in the year 1967 in Marburg, Germany after the presence of this virus was seen in workers of a laboratory. This was owing to their continuous contact with monkeys in the laboratory (Carruthers et al 2005). Ebola viruses are structurally classified as complete viral particles which show pleomorphism in their shapes. It can be long, filamentous or in circular forms. The dimensions of the virus are length of 14,000 nm and diameter of 80nm, encompassed in a membrane composed of lipid molecules. Ebola is a single-stranded RNA virus and it multiplies through the process of asexual reproduction, budding. Ebola virus consists of seven structural and one non-structural protein. Nucleoprotein is the major structural protein and others include virion structural protein (VP) 30, VP 35 and large protein (L) (Georgiev 2009). Ebola virus’s natural habitat is still not completely known by the microbiologists but it has, however, been established that Ebola virus is an animal-borne or zoonotic virus. Therefore, it maintains its natural reservoirs in animal hosts (Reddy 2002). Ebola life cycle initiates with the entry of the virus into different types of cells through the viral surface glycoprotein which regulate the entry of the virus. Figure 1 provides an overview of the entry of the virus into the host cell. Certain receptors on the cell surfaces promote the entry of the virus and render them vulnerable to the attack of the virus. These receptors include folate receptor-a, proteins of C-type lectin family and L-SIGN receptors expressed on Jurkat cells, macrophages and endothelial cells respectively. Once, binding and fusion of the virus in the cells is complete, the viral genome is uncoated. However, little is known about this process. The

Augmenting and eliminating the effects of Illegal Charter Flights in Dissertation

Augmenting and eliminating the effects of Illegal Charter Flights in Aviation in the Middle East - Dissertation Example ntry wise projected growth for business jets in the Middle East sourced from (Jones, 2010) 30 Figure 4 - Grey market information movement channels 49 1. Acknowledgments I must acknowledge the efforts of my parents, my friends and my teachers in making me capable enough to become what I am. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the help provided by [ professor’s name ] in order to achieve this particular research. 2. Abstract Grey markets have always signalled trouble in terms of market dynamics and equilibrium. Grey operators are able to reap the profits of any service without adhering to the required codes and standards. The business aviation industry throughout the world has suffered at the hands of grey operators since the post World War Two period. The recent rise of business aviation operations in the Middle East has given rise to the issue of grey operators too. The infant Middle Eastern business aviation market seems at risk of suffering large losses if grey market o perations are not kept in check. However, the nascent state of the business aviation industry means that information regarding grey market illegal charter flights is low. There is a constant need to research these areas in order to curb grey market practices so that legitimate business aviation operators have a better chance at survival. 3. Introduction Grey markets have been in operation since antiquity. The lure of saving money entices most people to use services from grey market operators in more than one field. Grey market operations are as applicable to goods markets as to services markets especially with the rapid growth of the services industries in the last century. One of the better kept secrets of grey markets is the effect of illegal flights in the charter flights aviation market. Like some of the other services industries, the charter flight aviation industry, especially for business services, has been channelled into grey market operations. The problem is well regulated in the North American and Western European markets but the rapid expansion in the Middle East business aviation category means that grey market operations are high and unregulated. A number of different problems are exacerbating the situation in the Middle East in connection to grey market charter flights. Some reasons have to do with the political climate of the Middle East while others have to do with the infant character of the Middle East charter aviation industry. This work plans to look into the problems of grey market operations for the charter aviation industry in the Middle East. The problem of grey market op

Case study on Red Bull Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study on Red Bull - Essay Example Branding is about enabling people to identify a product from alternatives offered in the markets (Percy, 2003). â€Å"Brand equity is the creation of positive brand attitudes or service† (Schroeder et al, 2006). In other words, brand equity involves the creation of attitudes and perceptions that will enable a consumer to identify a product from alternatives offered by competitors. Although Red-Bull is a single product offering, it has been able to achieve brand equity across the world through its uniqueness and other factors that enable customers to identify it as unique and different from other soft drink and energy drink offerings on the market. In summary, its unique packaging (the blue, silver and red 250ml can) is famous around the world. Also, the unique content and effects on users is a very strong element of brand equity since it gives consumers a very positive physical, mental and health advantages that most competitors do not give. The Burnett model states that a bra nd equity has four main facades: personality image, source, differences and functions (Randall, 2000). In terms of personality image, customers around the world feel good about the health and mental alertness that Red Bull provides. They respect it as a premier energy drink because it does what a normal cup of coffee would do but with a very positive impact on the individual. Secondly, Red Bull seems to stand for good health, vitality and productivity and that is exactly how it is promoted and packaged as a revitaliser. Also, Red Bull was originally created to be different from all other soft and energy drink offerings on the market. Now that several similar products are available, Red Bull still maintains its distinct packaging and content which keeps it embedded in the mind of consumers. In spite of the universal nature of Red Bull's brand, there was the need for some variation in the brand offering in markets around the world. Dunn (2004) points out that there are six main proces ses that a business needs to go through before they can create brand equity and they are: 1. Market Analysis 2. Brand Architecture 3. Creation of a Strategic Branding Idea 4. Marketing Communication 5. Employee Involvement and 6. Measurement Market analysis involves scanning the dominant environmental factors in a country before offering your products in a country. For the case of Red Bull, the regulatory requirements, market penetration, presence of potential competitors and dominant culture played a major role in the establishment of the brand in Austria. This varied in other parts of Europe so their expansion into Europe required a high degree of analysis and understanding of the dominant culture. In growing from Europe to other markets around the world, Red Bull had to also understand the vital elements of these markets before they could move into them. Brand architecture involves the technical components of determining the brand's DNA (Dunn, 2004). Although the name, identity a nd character of Red Bull was sustained in most markets around the world, the vision, positioning, target market, emotions and pricing had to be varied based on the social, economic and cultural factors of the market they were entering. Thus we notice that the arrangements for entry into the UK market was quite different from that of the South African market because the political, economic and cultural structures of both countries required Red Bull to modify its brand penetration systems. I notice in page 79

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process Essay - 2

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that external market conditions change rapidly in certain industries, thus driving a need for innovation in order to compete with other businesses operating in the same market environment. Products and services both from an entrepreneurial business and the competitive environment have a specific life cycle by which it generates profitability and consumer adoption patterns. A product or service will move from growth to maturity, a period where sales decline and thus new product development becomes a critical internal activity of the organization. This is why generating new ideas becomes a paramount objective in the planning process, usually requiring the input of executive leadership and managers to determine how best to introduce a new product whilst still recognizing costs. In generating new product ideas, the business leaders must determine whether compromises will be made, opportunity costs or trade-offs, in order to launch a new product o r service on the market. â€Å"Will conventional wisdom be defied, an understanding that teams, plans and reflects on learning lead to reduced cost, risk and speed to market†?. Recognising the financial impact of new product development and market launch urgency must be considered when generating new ideas. Innovations, however, are critical to maintaining a stable market position.Strategy formulation determines the objectives necessary to achieve a long-term market position. The strategy defines sustainability over the long-run or whether growth is an expectation related to revenue-building. An entrepreneurial dimension of strategy is persisting to find a better fit in the competitive market or developing a vision by which the organization founds its values and organizational structure against. Developing a long-term orientation is necessary for business planning as it determines the strategic direction the business intends to pursue and thus resources are allocated toward m eeting this purpose.

Analysis and Valuation of General Dynamics Essay

Analysis and Valuation of General Dynamics - Essay Example The total sales revenue was USD 30, 852. General Dynamics Corporation conducts business with worldwide government customers like governments of Australia, The United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Mexico and Canada. There is a long term commitment to enhance customer relationships with regional suppliers and employers in the identified governments. The commercial business segment of the corporation entails export of business-jet aircrafts and global aircraft services. In recent years, there is significant expansion of business-jet aircraft services. Expansion of market segments is also seen in emerging markets (PRAHALAD, 2008). There is growing segment of aircraft business in the international markets. The international market segment grew by 60% in the year 2014. The company competes with both small and large companies which are specialized in capability or technology. Combat systems compete with a number of foreign and domestic companies. There is one primary competitor of Marine systems called Hurtington Ingallas Industries. The company was formerly known as Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. The company subcontracts and partners in many programs such as SSN 774 Virginia Class Submarines. The company is involved in subcontracting and teaming relationship with the competitors. It team works, the company acts as an integrator who oversees efforts of all team members in the contract. The General Dynamics main competitors in defense market include Boeing, BAE Systems, Raytheon, Ingallas Industries, Northrop Grumman, and Lockheed Martin. The key competitors in the aircraft range include Gulfstream Competitors, Cessna, Dassault and Embraer (DAMODARAN, 2013). The main competitive factors in the aircraft market business include reliability of aircraft, performance, and aircraft safety, comfort of aircraft, in-flight productivity, timeliness, service quality, and offer of competitive prices. Aspects such as new product

Satellite Office Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Satellite Office Team - Essay Example On a different perspective, a team is collection of people having a common goal (Salaman, 2000; p. 99). From this perspective, it therefore follows that in teams individuals recognize that in order to attain personal success there is need for collaborative success. In teams, individuals are interdependent and significantly contribute their individual skills that culminate into end success celebrated as a team’s victory and not individual’s victory. The following is a report showing how as the manger of a Satellite Office Team will both organize and lead the staff. Satellite Office Team is a group of individuals, comprising of newly employed persons charged with responsibility of providing cost-control services to a client for a construction project (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 209). This Satellite Office Team comprises of eight full-time members, one being the manager, others are Quantity Surveyors, secretariats, and administrative supports. One striking feature with th is new team is that all staff except the manager are new appointments meaning that they have either never worked together as a team or have no idea of what it means to working as a team (Rollinson, 2004; p. 99). This report therefore is a proposal on various steps, directions, and activities applicable in order to enhance team performance. Organising and Leading the Satellite Office Team Notably, the Satellite Office Team requires a vibrant and cohesive manager with capabilities of enhancing team’s cohesiveness and performance. In order to achieve this, such a manager should embark on two major aspects of enhancing team cohesiveness and performance; working environment, and organisational. Leading and organising Satellite Office Team will require effective leadership and management and HR policies and procedures on the side of organisational and nature of tasks, physical setting, and communications on the other side of working environment amongst others (Capon, 2003). The fol lowing discussion describes how each of the aspects of organising and leading a team is applicable by the manager. Leadership and Management Mullins and Christy (2010; p. 373) define leadership as a mutual relationship that exist between a group of persons where one person influences the behaviour, actions, and performance of the other members of a group. In this case, the first concept that the manager should look into in a bid to promoting the actions of the Satellite Office Team is providing leadership (Mullins, 2006). It is true that within contemporary environment the nature of work is changing from the classical emphasis on enhancing performance through close control to a newer environment that looks at accomplishment of tasks through coaching, supporting, and empowering workers (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 373). Consequently, leadership role is changing concerning leading and organizing different teams in order to accomplish responsibilities bestowed against such a team. Atta ining set objectives and aims within a team is very essential not only to the team members but also to the leader. There is no doubt that a team is a mirror image of a leader upon which he or she will use to assess his or her capabilities regarding giving effective direction. In any case, group successes and failures are attributable to qualities and

The Beatles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Beatles - Research Paper Example John Lennon did not completely stand out on the album, although his compositions are remarkable: ‘I Want You (She’s So Heavy),’ which blends into a flurry of white noise; ‘Because,’ which presents several of the greatest symphony the Beatles ever recorded; and, the groovy ‘Come Together’. Ringo, with his ‘Octopus’s Garden’, carried on with the aquatic escapade he had begun on ‘Yellow Submarine’ (Perone 32). However, it is Paul who conquers the album. He presents a satirical performance with ‘Maxwell’s Silver Hammer’ on side one. Afterward, he shows off his finest voice quality for â€Å"Oh! Darling† (Perone 32). On side two, Paul also manage the medleys, performing almost all the lead singings, starting the first medley with ‘You Never Give Me Your Money’, a gloomy depiction of the Beatles’ current financial and managerial difficulties; this shifts into the appealing, wistful ‘Sun King’ of John, then by a sequence of pen sketches: ‘Mean Mr. Mustard’, ‘Polythene Pam’, and ‘She Came in through the Bathroom Window’. All the songs were led by Paul (Womack 68). It is an exceptionally talented creation by musicians performing at the height of their careers, making it even more difficult to think that these same singers and composers would not collaborate ever again. The Beatles may not have been the first popular rock band to own and use the synthesizers of Robert Moog. Nevertheless, as soon as the Beatles had obtained a Moog synthesizer, they took complete advantage of it on Abbey Road. Moog’s synthesizer can be heard obviously on a number of songs and furnishes the album an advanced rock sound, which enhances the pop, blues, rock, and singer-composer flairs that are also present all over the album (Holm-Hudson 218). Perhaps, one of the more delicate and successful application of the Moog synthesizer of the period is in ‘Here Comes the Sun’ by George Harrison, the track

College Entrance Essay Essay Example for Free

College Entrance Essay Essay Over the past few years I have increasingly become confident that a career in psychology is the right path for me. I am by nature a very caring, helping person, a good listener and someone who enjoys being able to connect with others. My friends and family see me as the kind of person they can go to when they need to talk about their problems, and they know that I am someone that they can trust. To me, there is nothing more fulfilling than the feeling of reaching out and connecting with an individual, and being able to offer them support. Both my parents were clinical psychologists, and undoubtedly this influenced my desire to become a psychologist. They exposed me at an early age to psychological ideas and the practice of psychotherapy. I could see the passion they brought to their profession, and the satisfaction they experienced by helping others. I believe also that my mothers death when I was ten helped influence my interest in psychology. My mothers death was a traumatic event for me and my family, and when she passed away I had to help emotionally support my younger brothers. Our subsequent participation in family therapy showed me how important it is to talk about feelings and problems, and how families can heal and move on from even the most traumatic experiences. In order to make a career of my interest, I will need both undergraduate and graduate training in psychology. If I should choose to open up a practice, I will need business training as well. My choice of college is based on finding a strong psychology program and an environment where I can feel like I can make a personal connection with my professors and my peers. In addition to having a strong psychology department, I am looking for a college or university in New England with a small faculty/student ratio. I want to feel like I can personally connect with my professors and peers, and not be just a number in large classes. Castleton State College meets all of these requirements. To me, Castleton State seems to be more then just an  institute of learning, its a place where the students are able to experience new ideas and encounter new challenges that will later help them learn critical skills needed to be successful in a diverse and interdependent world. In addition to a good education, I feel that Castleton State is a place that will allow me to grow intellectually, socially, and spiritually. The health field, and mental health in particular, is becoming increasingly challenging and competitive. After my bachelors degree, I plan to pursue either my masters degree or my doctorate in psychology, and I know that I will need strong undergraduate training to be effective at the graduate level. I believe that Castleton State College will provide me with the training and perspective on myself and my career that I will need to be successful and to pursue my dream.

Organisation Resource Management Ikea Commerce Essay

Organisation Resource Management Ikea Commerce Essay History is evident from the fact that for the success of any organisation is very vital to have an alignment between the strategic and human resource objectives of the organisation to ensure both short term efficiency which would ultimately lead to long term profitability. A concept by McKinsey stating 7 S which includes super ordinate goals, strategy, structure, systems, staff, skills and style was a spectacular approach towards setting up an organisations performance excellence criteria. Human resource management alignment with mission is simply combining people management with organisational ultimate goal achievement strategy, one way of doing is to grant access to human resources to be a part of planning phase as a company would always prosper if the employees or human resource is given equal importance and utilization as other sectors of decision making. Unlike the traditional strategic planning where human resource department was only considered to be a provider of personnel fa cility like staffing, pay, training where as sectors like research and development, finance, production and marketing were the major players to be carefully considered neglecting human resource significance completely but the concept was out ruled by the modern sense of strategic planning, in which the importance of human resource is realised together with the actualisation of the fact that the company is known by people it keeps, as the business world got into the era of intense competition the need for people training and development increased rapidly and time came when for a successfully run company it has to have properly trained and skilled people and also have a system of provision of more trained employees on regular intervals to continuously fill the gap caused by employment turnover, companies opted for the later concept noticed instant improvement not only in the performance level but also the motivational level of staff showed a rapid incline which realistically the only reason for the overall improved performance. It is evident that where ever people in organisation are involved then its inevitable to neglect the presence of HR elements, Human resource also plays a very vital role in bringing cohesion between the employees of any organisation which when achieved could do wonders in terms of goals achievement and has created history at several times. A retailer which stands by its name IKEA (Ingvar Kampard Elmtaryd Agunnaryd), a home furnishing retailer which was established in 1943, currently IKEA is not only a furniture retailer but a phenomenon, a name which is identified from its unified identity of standardisation no matter what part of the world one steps into its big blue and yellow set of blocks which carries approximately more than 9500 range of home furnishing and relevant products with a restaurant facility as well provided under the same roof. Over the years it has evolved as an identity of its own, a simplified approach towards furniture making with excellent cost cutting strategies, which ultimately has a direct impact on the price offered to customer, price offered by IKEA stands out to be the cheapest in the market which has become so far the best unique selling point this brand can offer, but nothing is worth without a consideration of flat-pack concept back in early days which entirely change the image of furnit ure industry, it was planning ahead which now proves to be a convenience by coping up with the pace of present days working people life style particularly younger generation Ikeas vision is to create a better everyday life for many people is a complete reflection of how company perceives people in mind which not only includes customers but any stakeholder which has a direct or indirect link to the company operation e.g. customers, employees, suppliers etc. on the other hand IKEA follows a very careful path in the pursuit of its business mission which is to offer wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, excellent quality and durability at prices so low that the majority of people afford to buy them Therefore it is evident from the mission and vision that IKEA not only relates and base its overall operation to provide a better life for cheap but also focus on the quality and modernisation of the product it sells to keep it desired on affordable prices. The harmony between the organisational overall strategy and human resource strategy is achieved through a process which in present era been adopted and utilised by almost all the organisation realising the importance of integration of human resource element into overall strategy to ensure excellent results and motivated employees. To dig further deep it is very essential to realize the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal environment of IKEA which basically makes the basis of any strategic objective as external environment together with elements of internal environment that are strength and weaknesses would assist to evaluate ikeas corporate strategic situation which becomes the basis of ikeas strategic plan quite carefully phrased in it its vision and mission. Ranging from political stability. concern for society and social causes together with people concern, day to day technological advancement to overall economic recession faced by the company , the companies strategy to keep the cost low is a great tactic in these times of economic turmoil specially when the retail market is hit by vat increases starting from 04th of january,2011 low price policy with diversity in the nature of product range and business concepts referring to restaurant business IKEA has evolved as an intelligent set of brains and with inclusion of human resource strategy and other functional strengths to align with the overall mission has proved to be a successful and productive idea in terms of sales and employee retention as well. C) Merger: Its a kind of a take over when both the firms combine into a new firm with the due permission of the real owners of the company who possess the shares of the company therefore resulting in completely new official entity. IKEA first of all baring the largest share in the home furnishing industry doesnt find itself in an urgent need of a merger as among the main reasons for merger is the pursuit of better performance or avoidance from decline scale of performance, expansion behind ikeas one of the vital priorities in next few years might attract the concept of merger with some furniture retailer most probably on high street level to launch its high street outlet , but doing that would require certain changes which could include new payroll system, different pay and other remuneration schemes, new policies for training and development could be settled between the parties to the merger, new staffing methods, new policy could be formed for retirement scheme and benefits, disciplinary proc edures could be altered as well etc. in a nut shell relocation of resources is always a part of mergers which could also include relocation of human resources depending on which kind of merger does actually take place. Acquisition: In case of acquisition as well the whole set of human resource elements would be considered by party purchasing the other to suit their enhanced business and acquired work force requirements together with legal regulations, but in this form of take over if IKEA takes over any company it must be an intention to provide a helping hand to stakeholders of the acquired company, therefore changes like payroll, staff rotation, job rotation, combined training and development, it could also result in human expertise been sent to look after the acquired business resulting in lack of concentration on the main operation which indicated intense care is necessary while allocating the employees efficiently. Strategic alliances: This is now being seen in regular practice by various firms all over the world reason being either to achieve competitive advantage like Superdrug and the perfume shop etc. or to plan a reduction of operating cost because of shared resources or purely marketing reasons. IKEA faced by this type of situation would definitely face some changes on immediate basis including maintenance of healthy relationship between the organizations for the achievement of combined goals, changes would require in the decision making patterns in the favor of common interest, allocation of right people on the right job could raise argument between the relevant heads involved from both sides, a methods requires to be developed to ensure data protection of trade secrets which could be at risk if not handle with proper attention. Human resource strategy would also need a bit of alteration in terms of agreement on objectives as both the parties could have different set of overall objectives to follow. Joint ventures: It is a kind of project undertaken by the two firms for a common interest and share the rewards or losses from the particular venture, depending on the kind of joint venture the human resource would change to suit the requirement of the venture on both side to be conducted smoothly without bothering the overall objectives of both the firms and ensure all the relevant aspects like allocation of combine resources together with any training and development measures required to carry out the joint venture. TASK 2: EMPLOYEE RECRUITMENT cultural multiplicity is one of the ikeas prime concern as far its recruitment policy is concerned, IKEA has always abide by the legal employment regulations and also exhibited a very responsible attitude towards its employees and potential employees, with the significance importance been given to the development of multi cultural environment at work place IKEA has established a very strong and constructive multicultural hub for people who IKEA believes only work for people. A suitable candidate is always the one with high motivational energy together with relevant experience or knowledge. EMPLOYEE RETENTION IKEA has a very smart process of communication in-between the employees who allow them express freely their concern about the business and the company, both ways communication is appreciated and practiced which is a prime reason for less percentage of employee turnovers. Together with fair and constructive pay system the company has gained its place in the hearts of its employees and with proper amount of training and development procedures creates a bond between the brand and its very own people. Proper exit interviews are conducted on the exit of any member and both the parties are left with a brilliant image on each other for future reference. TRAINING AND DEVLOPMENT It is a responsibility of an efficient organisation to have a complete provision of training and development facility at work in order to maintain the motivation level of the team and to fulfil the overall strategic objective of the organisation over all quality of work together with amount of loyalty are directly related to companys performance which are fully practiced in a routine culture of IKEA day to day operations. human resource department together with other functional heads and directors establish a strategy for training the team members over a given period of time to achieve future strategic goals with better preparations ensuring all the line managers of the departments are fully informed and trained for the training to be provided on the basis of individual performance and line of direction opted in the company, and together with the same line managers top management develops a plan in order to understand the needs for the relevant process. IKEA has very comprehensive set of performance appraisal system which is conducted on every regular interval constructively to ensure employee satisfaction ultimately leading to customer satisfaction. IKEA has design a unique format of trading and development pattern with the name of on the job training as organised by IKEA college for the seek of potential managers which could lead the brand to a new era an excellence. Task 3: PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL is a technique or a format to review the performance of the employees on one to one basis and comparing it to the company standards to evaluate the areas of strengths and weaknesses in order to improve the performance level and build-up the motivation level of the determined staff, but an alarm bell for below average performing members to come to know their areas of errors and rectify them in a given amount of time ends till next appraisal date which could be from 1 to 6 months depending on the urgency of it . Appraisal is a very vital tool for the employer being the one of its own kind to assist management of performance level. With the help of performance appraisal it is very easy for the employer to assess their potential inner-hierarchy growth in the company, therefore together with affecting the career path of the employees performance appraisal has also got a quite close relation with the salary increments as well. It is always recommended for an appraisal to be conducted with the immediate line manager to get the complete and comprehensive feed back for the sake of improvement over the next period of time, the appraisal process must be familiarised by the manager conducting it and be fair by all means as more the feedback being honest more chances of constructive development in an employee concerned provided the appraisal is conductive with ease and the employee has received all the feedback correctly without being offended. It is very beneficial for human resource department to develop policies also can be utilised to give a chance to employees to express their opinion about anything about their job they wish talk about. Human resource department can provide plenty of assistance and advice with the help of the appraisal form prepared by the HR keeping in view each and every segment of working employee. Overall a very useful tool for employer and employee in relation to performance levels. REWARD MANAGEMENT: The overall idea behind the reward management phenomenon is to support the human resource and mission of the company, it assist the company with patterns how to trains and develop the individuals which ultimately leads to employee motivation, rewards management system enhance the employer employee relationship and bring more harmony and determination among all of them as its about reward in return with self actualization , a proper reward management system has some legal implications to be made sure before drafting it and is also quite smartly looked after. Rewards: There are two kinds of rewards: 1) Financial 2) Non-financial Financial being classified as tangible reward, one could get a monetary return for services but several studies are evident that these type of outer level needs doesnt keep the person motivated for a long time therefore classified in basic needs scenario, but Non-financial are the ones which although has no material value but have done enough to make histories. Intrinsic rewards ensuring self efficacy, self recognition and self actualization etc. satisfies higher level needs which are also known as motivators. Contradicting to the reward definition in old days, money as matter of fact is only considered to be a material return to fulfill basic needs and then what really works for an employer is when the employee is provided a sense of achievement etc. for a better future for the company and employee as well.

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection REPORT ON THE CHANGING ETHOS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION I am writing about the way the Department of Social Protection has evolved since the recession in 2009.   How their Services were delivered and the changes that have been implemented over the past few years.   The Department of Social Protection plays a part in everyones life at some stage. The aim of the Department is to provide citizens with information, financial support and other services they require in a timely customer-friendly manner.   This report will outline the evolution of the Department in the last few years and the way they have changed their working practices and also more importantly the way the unemployed are treated when first coming into contact with the Department of Social Protection. Department of Social Protection Before 2012 Passive income maintenance expenditures rose very rapidly as unemployment climbed after 2008; the response in terms of expenditure on labor market programmes inevitably lagged somewhat. The Jobs Initiative and Community Employment Schemes were changed and modified.   Jobs Initiative which is amount paid for the Job was introduced in the 1990s it was targeted towards the unemployed over 35yrears of age and unemployed for more than 5yrs.   The jobs were created in the community and participants were paid the market rate.   The Community Employment schemes were also introduced and expanded during the 90s participants would work part time hours in the community and earn additional money to supplement their Lone Parents or Disability payment.   The criteria for additional payment were that they had to be on Lone Parents or Dept. Payment.  Ã‚  Ã‚   They also provided excellent training allowance to enhance the skills and qualifications of those on the scheme.   The Scheme would last anything up to 12 months to 24 months.   These schemes re-energized underprivileged areas all over major cities in Ireland.   Some of the C.E. Schemes made a great benefit to people and they used it to gain skills and experience in order to move into the open job market. Fas the training agency concentrated on long term training rather than short term training courses.   The training courses were not geared towards up skilling for shortages in the Job Market.   There as a gap between what was needed in the labor market and what training was being provided by Fas. They failed to link in with Companies and factories on skills shortages.   To train people for specific skills shortages to fill contract positions.   A revolving door seemed to happen in the early years of the recession the unemployed were floating from one course to another.  Ã‚   A lot of our students left the country to seek employment in Europe and overseas.   Small towns in Ireland became devoid of young people.   Our educated young were leaving Ireland for a better life. The unemployed were treated badly when signing on for benefits and were made to feel small and worthless.   They were dictated to and treated like children when seeking what they were entitled. ACTION AND REMODELING OF OUR DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND TRAINING CENTRES The Government introduced a Programme a Pathway to Work and Employment Activation Policy for all areas in the community.   Community initiatives were drawn up to increase employment.   The Criteria for C.E. Schemes was changed and those on the dole were only entitled to one payment from the Department of Social Welfare.   The Job Initiative was to be phased out.   Money was to follow employment only; private training companies were to be funded if the Government agencies could not provide relevant job market training.   There was a huge shortage of trained people for the Pharmaceutical Industry; training companies began to spring up providing such training over a 12 month period.   The merger of Dept. of Social Welfare and Community Welfare Service, FAS Community and Employment Services and the redundancy and insolvency payment schemes the Department is now one of the largest public service organizations in the country.  Ã‚   The department now has close relationships w ith employers who are essential partners in getting people into employment.   The Department is developing integrated services with the introduction of Intero this model of service is to enhance the service to the customer. It is a quality service delivery across a wide range of disciplines and programmes to meet the changing needs of our customers.   As the economy is now booming and we are heading towards full employment again the Department has played a pivotal role in 2015 in supporting Irelands economic progress.   Unemployment has fallen from a crisis peak of 15.1 percent to 2012 to 8.8% at the beginning of 2016. The integrated new services are now paying huge dividends to the unemployed. Pathways to work to help the unemployed into work, training and education. The Rollout of the Intreo service meets the key objective in the Statement of Strategy 2011 to 2014 to transform the Department into an integrated, activation focused service provider which puts the customer at the center of all our operations.   In short both a safety net and a springboard.   The Department is determined to deliver a customer service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service values of openness, responsiveness, professionalism and good governance.   The Charter and Action Plan will be a focal point to help staff meet this challenge. The most important thing is to be responsive to the customer and the job market.   Keep abreast of the changes to industry and the skills shortage, anticipate demand for skills and retain and up skill the unemployed to meet those challenges.   A proactive organization rather than reactive.   The department will be run as an innovative and strategy orientated body who meets the needs of their customers. Customer Charter was initiated We value your opinion Treat with courtesy and respect Inform you of your rights and entitlements Plan and deliver our employer services to ensure you can support people into employment Protect your information Respect your privacy Consult with you to establish your needs when developing delivering and reviewing our services Provide redress when you have a complaint. We Value your opinion let us know what you think of our service.

Cedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind Essay -- Hope i

Cedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind Throughout the novel, A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind, Cedric Jennings is a minority student in a poor, inner city school, trying to fight his way up to the top. He has a greater hope for himself than the overwhelming majority of the other students at Ballou High. Cedric faces many challenges to eventually make his way to Brown University. According to Labaree, Cedric is exercising the goal of social mobility, meaning that he works against the competition to get into a high-ranking college and hopefully a well-paying job. Although personally Cedric is trying to obtain this goal, I am having difficulty placing what purpose of education that Ballou High is trying to fulfill. Cedric is an unusual student to walk the halls of Ballou High. Unlike most of his peers, he actually wants to make something of himself; he does his homework, he studies and he works on extra credit projects. The majority of the kids at Ballou barely come to class, much less make any attempt at learning. Since this is the overall attitude of the school, Cedric must exercise social mobility and do whatever he can to better himself as an individual. He is not necessarily competing against the students at Ballou (because he by far surpasses them), but he is in competition with all the other students from better schools throughout the area. During the summer that Cedric spends at MIT, he is truly awakened to the fact that he was extremely far behind the other students from urban areas. The director of the program expresses his frustration with the MIT program- "When he first arrived... He had grand plans to find poor black and Hispanic kids from urban America-... He saw that he had been drea... ...uality. In fact there is a severe inequality in only preparing the top few students for society. Therefore, it is hard to decide what goal of Labaree's that Ballou High embodies. The bottom line is that some students value social mobility and the rest of the school values nothing. In conclusion, although Cedric is able to exercise social mobility, his school does not prepare him for the outside world at all. It is only through his own resolve that he is able to make it in the competitive, academic world. The only good that Ballou probably brought to Cedric was the notion to work even harder so that he did not end up like his fellow peers, with no goals, going nowhere, and valuing nothing. It is this value of nothing that severely hinders our nation's public school systems. Works Cited Suskind, Ron. A Hope in the Unseen. Broadway Books, New York. 1998. Cedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind Essay -- Hope i Cedric Jennings in A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind Throughout the novel, A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind, Cedric Jennings is a minority student in a poor, inner city school, trying to fight his way up to the top. He has a greater hope for himself than the overwhelming majority of the other students at Ballou High. Cedric faces many challenges to eventually make his way to Brown University. According to Labaree, Cedric is exercising the goal of social mobility, meaning that he works against the competition to get into a high-ranking college and hopefully a well-paying job. Although personally Cedric is trying to obtain this goal, I am having difficulty placing what purpose of education that Ballou High is trying to fulfill. Cedric is an unusual student to walk the halls of Ballou High. Unlike most of his peers, he actually wants to make something of himself; he does his homework, he studies and he works on extra credit projects. The majority of the kids at Ballou barely come to class, much less make any attempt at learning. Since this is the overall attitude of the school, Cedric must exercise social mobility and do whatever he can to better himself as an individual. He is not necessarily competing against the students at Ballou (because he by far surpasses them), but he is in competition with all the other students from better schools throughout the area. During the summer that Cedric spends at MIT, he is truly awakened to the fact that he was extremely far behind the other students from urban areas. The director of the program expresses his frustration with the MIT program- "When he first arrived... He had grand plans to find poor black and Hispanic kids from urban America-... He saw that he had been drea... ...uality. In fact there is a severe inequality in only preparing the top few students for society. Therefore, it is hard to decide what goal of Labaree's that Ballou High embodies. The bottom line is that some students value social mobility and the rest of the school values nothing. In conclusion, although Cedric is able to exercise social mobility, his school does not prepare him for the outside world at all. It is only through his own resolve that he is able to make it in the competitive, academic world. The only good that Ballou probably brought to Cedric was the notion to work even harder so that he did not end up like his fellow peers, with no goals, going nowhere, and valuing nothing. It is this value of nothing that severely hinders our nation's public school systems. Works Cited Suskind, Ron. A Hope in the Unseen. Broadway Books, New York. 1998.

Personal Narrative on Friends :: essays research papers

When you’re young, you don’t care about how a person looks or acts, they’re just people, friends. Growing up, you’ll find that qualities a friend has to have or can’t have become very important. It took a special kind of friend to show me that the true heart of a person is what really counts. Almost at the age of seven, I made a friend named Dani. I liked being with her because she was always smiling. We played together and giggled a lot. Sometimes, she’d randomly dance, spin around, or run away alone, but I never cared or wondered why. One day, there were these older kids pointing and laughing at her. I skipped up to them. â€Å"Dani’s my friend,† I blurted out happily. They laughed even harder. â€Å"Don’t hang with her, kid. She’s mental,† the one whose face was the most red warned me. â€Å"Huh?† I was puzzled. â€Å"Yeah. She’s like- a retard!† again, they looked like hyenas, laughing their heads off as they walked away leaving me totally confused. I didn’t think there was anything wrong with Dani, but there was a large part of me that just had to listen to the big kids because they were always right. The next day at school, I tried to avoid Dani. The cool kids said she was a â€Å"retard† and that didn’t sound good. At recess, I sat on the ground, lonely. Suddenly, I heard the loud familiar laughs from yesterday. I looked to my left and saw the same cool kids. I also noticed Dani, dancing with something she picked off of the ground. â€Å"Jessica!† her eyes lit up. The other kids stared at me, as if I was some translator for two very different languages. Dani stood up and was about to hug me, but I moved away. â€Å"No, Dani!† I couldn’t believe myself, I was talking to her as if she were a dog. â€Å"You are a ‘re-tard’,† I still didn’t really knew what that meant, but using the word made me feel older. â€Å"I’m not playing with you anymore.† I tried to look like my mother when she refused to buy me more candy. Dani studied my face for a moment. â€Å"Go away!† I exclaimed. That did it. Dani cried, and I felt cold tears sliding down my cheeks too. She scurried away until I couldn’t see her anymore. The big kids were practically choking on their saliva, laughing so hard.

Donoghue V Stevenson Essay

Summary On August 26th 1928, Donoghue (plaintiff) and a friend were at a case in Glasgow, Scotland. Her friend ordered / purchased a bottle of ginger beer for Donoghue. The bottle was in an opaque bottle (dark glass material) as Donoghue was not aware of the contents. After, Donoghue drank some and her friend lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the ginger beer into the glass. A remains of a snail in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the glass. Donoghue later complained of stomach pain and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action seeking  £500 damages against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson (Defendant). She was unsuccessful at trial and appealed the decision to the House of Lords. Issue 1. Is there liability in negligence for injury caused by another in the absence of a contract? 2. Does the manufacturer of a product owe duty of care to the consumer to take reasonable care that the product is free from defect? Judgement The issue was complex because her friend had purchased the drink, and that a contract had not been breached. So Donoghue’s lawyers had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, concluded that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consumes their product. Among the reasons given by the judges that is related to the issues above: 1. Le Lievre v Gould established that â€Å"under certain circumstances, one man may owe a duty of care to another, even though there is no contract between them† 2. Negligence claims can be brought against people who owe you a duty of care. 3. A manufacturer has a duty of care to the ultimate consumer if either the consumer or the distributors he received the product from had a reasonable chance to inspect it. Firstly, that negligence is a different tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a defendant, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of belongings. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson however Atkin’s judgement establis hed that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. ‘The liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of â€Å"culpa,† is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot, in a practical world, be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief’ Furthermore, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. These protections began as common law but many have since been codified in legislation, such as the Trade Practices Act. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in (mind) when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Lord Atkin: â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour. Reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? Persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that i ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when i am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. Analysis I agree with the judgement of the issue that, the manufacturer does owe a duty of care to future consumers. Manufacturers are aware that production has the overall goal of its product that is to be consumed, and not simply to be purchased by a distributors or retailers. Therefore, taking into account all liabilities and reasonable care of what the product can cause to civilians. The reason being, that there is a liability of negligence present by the injury of another because in layman’s term, action conducted or carried forward must be foreseen and taken into consideration that it can harm society involved indirectly. Firstly, goods which are primarily purchased, used or consumed for personal, domestic or household purposes  which in this case Donoghue consumed a ginger beer in the cafà © and suffered injuries. Stevenson is liable for its product manufactured and as the plaintiff had suffered injury due to the consumption of the product it is due to the failure on the compliance to safety of goods supply and it is believe to fail its compliance on the rule ‘love you neighbour’ / duty of care. Second the manufacturer and the retailer included a price which consist of consideration in any form whether direct or indirect in relation to acquisition, where in this case the defendant sold the ginger beer that was consumed by Donoghue. In my opinion, a rule of safety standards according to Consumer Protection Act 1999 Section 18-23 should be carried should be taken into consideration by the defendant as it bring a better quality to goods served. As Stevenson did not take account of its product quality, its goods (ginger beer) contained a decomposed snail piece resulting in plaintiff injury ‘gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock’. Hence, manufactures owe a duty of care to Donoghue because Stevenson did not comply on the quality of the goods sold. Moreover, as application on this case to real life reason are our work, relaxation and our life in general, we must think about the well-being of people around us (our neighbours). We cannot simply plan out activities with no regard to the safety of all participants, including civilians. For  example, one person cannot execute work duties without concern for our fellow colleagues or our clients. We cannot leave uncovered holes in the track, or fail to shut gates where animals are restrained, or leave hazardous chemicals lying around. In a nutshell, if we don’t do the right thing as level deemed to be appropriate to the people involved, then we will be accused of exhibiting irresponsibility. Overall, in this case where the manufacturers or suppliers in respect of selling goods for the eventual consumption to consumers, have a duty to take reasonable care to consumers / â€Å"neighbours† to ensure that their products are safe for consumption and to take full responsibil ity in respect of a guarantees in the supply of goods. References Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Taylor, Martin R. (2008). â€Å"The Most Famous Litigant†. Donoghue v Stevenson Digital Resources. Scottish Council of Law Reporting. Retrieved 8 September 2012. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. 2015. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/dvs/donoghue-v-stevenson-report.html. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. [ONLINE] Available at: http://casebrief.wikia.com/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015].

Coexistence of Private and Public Sectors

juvenile sparing constitutionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation, search For the Malaysian raw scotch Policy, see Malaysian newfangled Economic Policy. Soviet union This oblige is part of the series Politics and g everywherenment activity of the Soviet Union GovernmentshowConstitutionGovernment MinistriesState CommitteesExecutive OfficerCouncil of Peoples CommissarsCouncil of MinistersCabinet of MinistersState CouncilPresidential Council commie fellowshipshowcommie caller CongressHistoryGeneral Secretary Politburo interchange CommitteeSecretariatOrgburo LeadershipshowLeadersPremiers CabinetsPresident (List) Vice PresidentCollective leadership LegislatureshowCongress of Soviets Central Executive CommitteeSupreme Soviet Soviet of the UnionSoviet of NationalitiesPresidiumCongress of Peoples De intrusties Speaker1989 legislative election JudiciaryshowLaw Supreme CourtPeoples CourtProcurator General Historyshow19171927 whirlingCivil fight19271953 earth s truggle II19531964 Khrushchev Thaw19641982 Era of Stagnation19821991 Dissolution ideologyshowState Ideology Soviet democracy profanexism-LeninismLeninismStalinism EconomyshowEconomy AgricultureConsumer goodsFive-Year purposeKosygin re flesh rising Economic PolicyScience and technologyEra of StagnationMaterial balance homework SocietyshowCulture DemographicsEducationFamilyPhraseologyReligionTransportRepre ssion CensorshipCensorship of imagesEconomic repression spacious purgeGulag systemCollectivizationHuman rightsMass killingsIdeological repressionSuppressed research governmental abuse of psychiatryPolitical repressionPopulation transferPropagandaRed Terror Atlas USSR vena portae view talk edit The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russian , , Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika) was an sparing invent _or_ system of government proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it commonwealth capitalism.Allowing some undercover ventures, the NEP allowed base animal businesses or tummy shops, f or instance, to reopen for private profit art object the recount continued to control banks, exotic trade, and large industries. 1 It was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist company. It was promulgated by decree on 21 bumblech 1921, On the electrical switch of Prodrazvyorstka by Prodnalog (i. e. , on the replacement of foodstuffs requisitions by intractable foodstuffs tax). In essence, the decree necessitate the farmers to give the government a qualify amount of raw clownish harvest-home as a tax in kind. 2 Further decrees refined the policy and spread forbidden it to include some industries.The New Economic Policy was replaced by Stalins First Five-Year Plan in 1928. Contents hide 1 Beginnings 2 Policies 3 Disagreements in leadership 4 Results 5 End of NEP 6 square off also 7 Multimedia 8 Further reading 9 Foot nones 10 External links edit Beginnings This section requires expansion. The NEP replaced the policies of warfar e Communism. Whilst some leading bolshys were opposed to it, it seemed necessary due to circumstances to allow express mail private commercialism in the form of the NEP. edit PoliciesThe laws sanctioned the coexistence of private and public arenas, which were co-ordinated in the NEP, which on the other bargain was a state oriented blend economy. 3Rather than get all goods produced, the Soviet government took only a small percentage of goods. This left the peasants with a saleable surplus which could be s grizzly privately. 4 The state, aft(prenominal)ward starting to use the NEP, migrated a counseling from Communist nousls and started the ripeizing of the economy, simply this time, with a more free-minded way of doing things. The Soviet Union stopped upholding the intellect of nationalizing certain parts of industries. Some kinds of foreign investments were expected by the Soviet Union under the NEP, in order to strain industrial and developmental projects with fore ign replacement or technology requirements. 5The move towards modernization rested on one briny issue, transforming the Soviet Union into a modern industrialized society, but to do so the Soviet Union had to re decide its exist structures, namely its rural system and the relegate structure that surrounded it. The NEP was primarily a new agricultural policy. 6 The Bolsheviks viewed traditional small town life as conservative and backward. The old way of village life was mindful of the Tsarist Russia that had supposedly been thrown out with the October Revolution. With the NEP, which sought to repudiate the old ways, methods were put in place which promoted the pursuit by peasants of their self-interests. However, the state only allowed private landholdings because the estimate of collectivized farming had met with much opposition. 7 edit Disagreements in leadershipLenin considered the NEP as a strategic retreat. 8 However, he justified the NEP by insisting that it was a diffe rent type of capitalism. He insisted that this form of state capitalism was the last face of capitalism before collectivism evolved. 9 Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin disagreed over how to develop the Soviet Economy afterwards the World War and the Civil War. Trotsky, back up by left-wing members of the Communist Party, believed that socialism in Russia would only survive if the state controlled the allocation of all output. Trotsky believed that the state should repossess all output to invest in capital formation.On the other hand, Stalin back up the more conservative members of the Communist Party and advocated for a state run capitalist economy. Stalin managed to wrest control of the Communist Party from Trotsky. After defeating the Trotsky faction, Stalin reversed his opinions about stinting policy and implemented the First Five-Year Plan. 10 edit ResultsAgricultural outturn increased greatly. Instead of the government pickings all agricultural surpluses with no compens ation, the farmers instantly had the option to sell their surplus yields, and wherefore had an incentive to produce more grain. This incentive coupled with the breakup of the quasi-feudal landed estates not only brought agricultural victoriouss to pre-Revolution levels but surpassed them.While the agricultural sector became more and more reliant on small family farms, the legal industries, banks and financial institutions rebrinyed owned and run by the state. Since the Soviet government did not in so far pursue any policy of industrialisation, and did not allow it to be facilitated by the like private incentives that were increasing agricultural production, this created an asymmetry in the economy where the agricultural sector was growing much faster than unsounded industry. To keep their income high, the factories began to sell their products at higher(prenominal) prices. Due to the rising cost of construct goods, peasants had to produce much more stubble to purchase t hese consumer goods.This fall in prices of agricultural goods and sharp rise in prices of industrial products was cognize as the Scissor crisis (from the shape of the graph of relative prices to a lengthiness date). Peasants began withholding their surpluses to wait for higher prices, or sold them to NEPmen (traders and middle-men) who then sold them on at high prices, which was opposed by many members of the Communist Party who considered it an maturation of urban consumers. To combat the price of consumer goods the state took measures to decrease inflation and enact reforms on the internal practices of the factories. The government also fixed prices to halt the scissor effect.The NEP succeeded in creating an stinting recovery later on the devastating do of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the Russian civil war. By 1925, in the wake of Lenins NEP, a major fracture was occurring politically, scotchally, culturally and spiritually. Small-scale and light industr ies were largely in the hands of private entrepreneurs or cooperatives. By 1928, agricultural and industrial production had been restored to the 1913 (pre-World War I) level. However, unemployment skyrocketed under the NEP and a wider transgress was created between secernatees. 2 edit End of NEPBy 1925, the year after Lenins death, Nikolai Bukharin had become the foremost supporter of the New Economic Policy.It was abandoned in 1928 after Joseph Stalin obtained a position of leadership during the Great Turn. Stalin had initially supported the NEP against Leon Trotsky, but switched in favour of Collectivization as a resultcitation needed of the Grain Procurement Crisis and the need to wrap up capital speedyly for the vast industrialization programme introduced with the Five Year Plans. It was hoped that the USSRs industrial base would reach the level of capitalist countries in the West, to prevent them being beat out in another possible war. (Stalin entitle Either we do it, or we shall be crushed. ) Stalin proposed that the grain crisis was caused by the NEP men, who sold agricultural products to the urban populations for a high price.An option explanation for the grain crisis (which is more best-selling(predicate) among western historians)citation needed revolves around the focus on heavy industry creating a authoritative consumer goods shortage which meant peasants had nothing to spend their resources on, thereof resulting in the hoarding of their grain. For Lenin and his followers, the NEP was intended as an interim measure. However, it proved highly unpopular with the Left Opposition in the Bolshevik party because of its compromise with some free-enterprise(prenominal) elements and the relinquishment of State control. 2 They saw the NEP as a betrayal of communist principles, and they believed it would watch a negative long-run economic effect, so they wanted a full planned economy instead.In particular, the NEP created a class of traders (NEP m en) whom the Communists considered to be class enemies of the working class. On the other hand, Lenin is quoted to induce said The NEP is in earnest and long-term ( ? ), which has been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay viable longer, NEP would have continued beyond 1929, and the bleak collectivization would have never happened, or it would have been carried out differently. Lenin had also been known to say about NEP We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forrad, suggesting that, though the NEP pointed to another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism finally to evolve.Lenins successor, Stalin, eventually introduced full central planning (although a variant of public planning had been the idea of the Left Opposition, which Stalin purged from the Party), re-nationalized much of the economy, and from the late mid-twenties onwards introduced a policy of rapid industrialization. Stalins collectivization of agricultur e was his most illustrious and most destructive departure from the NEP approach. It is a great deal arguedcitation needed that industrialization could have been achieved without any collectivization and instead by taxing the peasants more, as similarly happened in Meiji Japan, Otto von Bismarcks Germany, and in post-World War II South Korea and Taiwan. edit See alsoEconomic calculation problem Planned economy edit MultimediaVladimir I.Lenin most Natural Tax (Text of the speech in Russian, Record (helpinfo)) edit Further readingDavies, R. W. (ed. ) (1991). From tsarism to the new economic policy continuity and change in the economy of the USSR. Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801426219. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. (ed. ) (1991). Russia in the Era of NEP. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press. ISBN 025320657X. NEP Era Journal http//www. d. umn. edu/cla/NEPera/main/index. php Nenovsky. N,(2006). Lenin and the currency competition. Reflections on the NEP experience (1922-1924),. multinational Center of Economic Research working Paper,Torino, No 22, 2006 edit Footnotes1. Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor Anthony Esler (2007). Revolution and Civil War in Russia. World History The late Era. Boston Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 483. ISBN 0-13-129973-5. 2. a b c Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. pp. 1245. ISBN 0-074-40348-7. 3. V N. Bandera New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy. The Journal of Political Economy 71, no. 3 (1963). http//www. jstor. org/ electrostatic/1828984 (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 268. 4. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution. New York Oxford University Press, 1984 pg. 95. 5. Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, pg. 96. 6. Vladimir P. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem. Stanford, CA fodder Research Institute, Stanford University, 1932 pg. 86. 7. Sheldon L. Richman War Communism to NEP The street from Serfdom. The Journal of Liberta rian Studies V, no. 1 (1981) (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 93. 8. New economic policy and the politprosvets goals. Lenin V. I. sedate Works v. 44. p. 159 9. Sheldon L. Richman War Communism to NEP The pass from Serfdom. The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981) (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 94. 10. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, (New York Oxford University Press, 1984), 115. edit External links