Karl Marx And Socialism Negatively Impacted Society

How Karl Marx and Socialism Negatively Impacted Society Marxism, also known as Socialism, and Communism, is â€Å"the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by a man known as Karl Marx; it is especially: a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society† (merriam-webster.com). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are responsible for â€Å"Marxism,† an ideology that has been adopted by so many all around the globe. The main philosopher and the man who is credited to most for the development of Marxism, was Marx himself. The scholar, social researcher, antiquarian and progressive, Karl Marx, is quite easily the most persuasive communist mastermind to develop in the nineteenth century (historyguide.org). Although he was so profound, these remarks were only made after his death. In spite of the fact that he was to a great extent overlooked by researchers in his own lifetime, his social, monetary and political thoughts increased quick acknowledgment in the communist development after his passing in 1883 (historyguide.org). For example, until as of late a large portion of the inhabitants on the planet lived under administrations that claim to be Marxist (historyguide.org). This very success, has meant that the first thoughts of Marx have regularly been altered and his implications adjusted to an awesome assortment ofShow MoreRelated The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society The German political philosopher and revolutionary, Karl Marx is best known for his radical concepts of society. His socialist views are best seen in his work Communist Manifesto. As one of the most influential thinkers of all times, he was able to convey revolutionary ideas in a manner that all could understand. Due to its comprehendible nature and usefulness to the people of his time this document was widely popularRead MoreThe Modern Day Political Culture1508 Words   |  7 PagesExamining the modern-day political culture of where our society is at and where it is heading is something that people have struggled with in past history. Take for example the Germans of the early to mid-twentieth century, it is here where the people cannot see the full context of what is happening in the world and how they were impacting it. Think of the Romans that were born at the beginning of the fifth century, they would have no idea that the mighty Roman Empire would cease to exist withinRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmachine Level 3: ‘Get the structure and systems right so that all is in balance’ Level 4: ‘The machine is alive! – well, almost’ How modernist organization theory underpins conventional understandings of the relationship between organizations and society Is bureaucracy immoral? Form fits function: how modernist organizational theory challenges the relationship between individuals, groups and the organization through bureaucracy and hierarchy The virtuous bureaucracy Modernist themes in organizationalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American

Moralitys Foundations Nurture Or Nature - 1871 Words

Morality’s Foundations: Nurture or Nature? The foundations of human morality have often been a point of contention in the scientific and psychological communities, with researchers frequently debating if human morals are innate sensations that are hardwired into one’s genetic makeup or that morals start out as a blank slate that are simply molded by the environment in which an individual was brought up. In recent times, we have seen a vast amount of scientific publications favoring both sides of this argument, but most publications have failed to make one key connection. Typically, recent literature has failed to bridge the gap between humans and the rest of the Animalia kingdom, as many animals, especially the members of the Aves and†¦show more content†¦The term seemingly is used with altruistic because it has been noted that these behaviors in the evolutionary sense are not true instances of altruism as the animal does gain inclusive fitness through means such as kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and coop eration – thus indicating these behaviors are actually selfish in nature (Waal, 2008). Inclusive fitness is a biological theory established by a mathematical model created by W.D. Hamilton in 1964 that illustrates how an animal will gain genetic success and increased evolutionary fitness through cooperative and altruistic behaviors. An animal can gain inclusive fitness by two means, directly through mechanisms such as reciprocal altruism/ mutualism or indirectly through other means like kin selection. For example, in kin selection an altruistic helper will have their genes indirectly passed on through their kin, as their altruistic behaviors have directly increased the kin’s evolutionary fitness and reproductive success (Hamilton, 1964). For instance, this phenomenon is directly portrayed in the self-sacrificing emission of an alarm call by a common ground squirrel female when in the presence of a predator. Through various observations, researchers have found that the se female squirrels will typically only emit an alarm call when surrounded by their kin. On the other hand, however, these

Analysis Of Job Market in Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Job Market in Australia. Answer: Job Market This section provides an overview of the job market in Australia. AS per the statistics, it is reported that people with job has increased in Australia by 38% over 17 years (Salt, 2017). This suggests that approximately every one person in two people have a job in Australia. The statistics also suggest that part time jobs have also grown in recent years (Salt, 2017). The reports suggest that job market in Australia is strengthening, and there is decrease in the unemployment rates. The growth is unanimous over Australia, and a sharp increase in job adverts is seen in most of the Australian states and cities. The current employment trend sectors include: Healthcare, Professional Services, Education, Information Technology, and Retail industry (VisaBureau, 2017). Whereas, other sectors like mining and manufacturing has seen some downfall (Sinibaldi, 2016).Significant increase is seen in the healthcare, and education sectors. A steady increase is seen in the professional services and inf ormation technology sector. Also, a steady increase is witnessed in the service sector as a result of the increasing customer support concerns. A slow increase is seen in the construction sector, however, the mining sector has witnessed downfall, majorly due to the need of skilled labour in the mining industry and the decrease in the unskilled labour. As per the job market reports, it is seen that healthcare has seen greatest job growth, as the ageing population has pushed the demand for more nurses and carers. Also, the increasing food habits and trends have stimulated the need for wellness and healthcare services(Sinibaldi, 2016). The technological advancements and the latest trends and the increasing cyber frauds and attacks, has increased the need for better cyber security and literacy. Moreover, most industries have adopted latest technologies for facilitating and automating various operations, which has led to a further increase in the information technology sector. A sharp rise is also seen in the design industry jobs like graphic designing, digital designing, and interior designing jobs. Information technology also plays a major role in the web designing jobs. Additionally, the increase in the online industry has also increased the IT industry job prospects. The next industry that has seen growth is the education industry (Molloy, 2015). The growth in the school and college population and the growth in the part-time teaching section have led to growth in the teaching jobs. Moreover, the education industry has significantly contributed to the increase in the part-time jobs. A sharp increase is seen in the professional services, like engineers, doctors, managers and administrators (VisaBureau, 2017). Today, the organizations have become more formal, increasing the job opportunities in various roles like administration, management, marketing and sales. Apart from the professional services, the retail industry jobs have also seen a significant increase. With the increasing lifestyle changes and the purchasing power, a sharp increase has been witnessed in the retail industry jobs (Sinibaldi, 2016). Moreover, the online retail industry, and the customer service industry has also seen a significant increase as a result of the increase in the retail industry jobs. Paid Occupation I wish to make a career in marketing. Marketing field interests me particularly because of the range of exposure and jobs it provides. Marketing field consists of plenty of jobs, and there are different types of jobs based on the company and the field of marketing. The marketing jobs are majorly client-oriented however; there are positions that dont require the executive to work in accordance with the client or customer. Marketing manager position is a senior marketing position wherein the manager is more involved in managing the marketing team, or most of the marketing department, and plans the strategies for future growth. The marketing executive is the position which is constantly in touch with the client, and handles the various client queries and specifications. Apart from that, product marketing managers, and brand managers are not directly in contact with the clients but would be largely involved with the brand and devise strategies for brand promotion, and building a brand im age (Lake, 2017). They deal with all the product specifications and manage the product related changes and devise strategies for promotion of specific products. Some of the most interesting roles in marketing include advertising, event management, media planning, and advertising. Advertising and media planning comprise of all the advertising and media campaigns that attract the consumers and help the company enhance its brand image. The marketing jobs are considered as one of the most challenging jobs (Lake, Careers: Jobs in Marketing, 2017). To pursue a career in marketing a person must first either takes a bachelors degree in business administration, and masters degree in management studies with majors in marketing. Students can also take online management courses to get a degree in management. Various universities also provide certificate courses in marketing (Scherman, 2014). Thus, a person interested in making a career in marketing should undertake management education, and relevant experience in administration or sales will be an added advantage. The salary differences among marketing jobs are as vast as the field itself. The salary of the marketing job largely depends on the job description, relevant experience, and qualifications and is also linked with the industry standards. The salary range increases with the designations, and chief marketing manager or simply the marketing manager is the highest paid job in marketing jobs (BusinessSchools, 2016). The salary of a CMO (Chief Marketing officer) ranges between $80,000 and $ 260,000 (Glassdoor, 2017). The salary is highest based upon the relevant experience and the additional qualifications. The average salary of a marketing executive in Australia is $67,000 (Glassdoor, 2017). The marketing executive is the entry level position in marketing jobs and a marketing executive can get promoted to different positions in marketing field based on his/her relevant experience in the field and interest. A marketing executive may get promoted to a product manager, team manager, and a senior marketing manager, and besides making a career in marketing, the marketin g manager may also make career in sales. The salary growth and career growth prospects in marketing are higher and impressive. The marketing and sales fields are interconnected. The skills obtained in marketing jobs can be largely used in sales job. The marketing executives with relevant experience can change their career and adopt sales career (Scherman, 2014). The marketing skills can be used in media planning jobs, and even in event management. The marketing job skills can be applied in advertising and public relations field as well. Marketing jobs contribute to the economy as well as to the society. Marketing has contributed towards raising the standard of living of the society. Today, most marketing efforts are directed towards increasing customer satisfaction (Ifezue, 2005). Marketing jobs are more aligned towards producing goods that meet the customer needs and preferences. Also, marketing aims at creating demands for produced goods and via advertising and promotions by making customers aware about the products and encourage them to use their products, and thereby raise the standard of living. Marketing also largely contributes to the economy, majorly by increasing the employment opportunities and contributes towards increasing the national income, by increasing the demands for the goods and services (Ifezue, 2005). The increased demand of the goods and services is fulfilled by increased production and increased incomes, it also contributes towards increasing the exports and thereby contributes towards increa sing the national income. Unpaid Job CARE Australia is an international organization which provides volunteering opportunities in Australia as well as in abroad. CARE Australia works towards saving lives and reducing poverty, and supporting the communities facing extreme poverty. The organization helps the worlds most vulnerable communities by providing different services like healthcare, employment, and providing basic amenities (Care, 2017). The volunteers can take up jobs like administration, other volunteering works like providing healthcare needs, setting up help centers at various places, volunteering different fund-raising activities, volunteering activities during festivals, and other public events. Such volunteering activities include managing the crowd, maintaining harmony. The urge for helping the needy communities has encouraged me to take such a job. The job is challenging, and tests various skills of the volunteers, like managing tasks and completing them in tight budgets, patience, managing skills, and sales skills (Care, 2017). Every job a humanitarian side and exploring that humanitarian side has particularly attracted me towards volunteering jobs. The basic volunteering jobs like admin jobs, handling the crowd, communicating with other centers generally dont require any special education or training, however, ether are few skilled jobs that require training and education. These jobs include management jobs, healthcare aid jobs, and fund-raising jobs. Yes, there is potential of gaining a paid position in volunteer organisations. A volunteer can achieve a paid position by getting relevant experience in the field. there are few universities that provide humanitarian and human development education for encouraging students to undertake volunteer jobs. Volunteers can secure higher positions in such welfare organizations. The volunteer jobs enable the volunteers to develop new skills which can be used in other jobs. The volunteering job gives the volunteers exposure in healthcare, sales, marketing, administration and management jobs. Thus, the volunteers can develop skills which can be used in getting paid jobs in management, administration and healthcare. Unpaid jobs largely contribute towards society and economy of various developed and developing countries. The volunteer jobs are aligned towards improving the conditions for the vulnerable communities. The volunteer jobs create employment opportunities in various remote areas and at the same time fight with poverty which is the root cause of various problems and crime. Thus, the unpaid jobs largely contribute towards the society. Despite of the fact that these unpaid jobs are unpaid and dont provide any monetary gains to the volunteers, these jobs do add to the national economy (Paquette, 2014). These jobs might not generate income, but they save expenses, which also add to the income. The inclusion of such jobs in national economy is well explained by using the example of the importance of women completing the household work and this is an unpaid job. Managing the needs of the vulnerable communities and providing them support would cost the government millions of rupees and these ru pees are saved by such NGOs and other organisations (UMICH, 2017). Hence, it can be said that the unpaid jobs or the volunteer jobs also contribute towards the economy. Recruitment Recruitment is an important function in getting the right job. There are different ways of getting a job in the company. The most common way of getting a job today is using the different job portal websites (ICI, 2014). The major job seeking websites in Australia are SEEK, Adecco, Gumtree, MyCareer, and JobSeeler. SEEK is the leading job seeking website in Australia. MEC is the leading marketing organisation in Australia, and I would like to seek a job in MEC Australia. Other than MEC, Woolsworth, Nous Group and BirdsNest are the companies where I would like to work. Woolsworth is the largest retailer and supermarket chain in Australia. This company particularly inspires me because there are various marketing opportunities in the company which will help the company to devise schemes and compete with other retail companies (McCauley, 2017). Nous Group is a consulting firm, and provides complete marketing and other professional services to its clients. The company has high influential clients and working with this company will help to gain a lot of exposure and gain knowledge about various marketing concepts (GreatPlacetoWork, 2017). BirdsNest is a retail company, which provides its employees ample opportunities for learning and development. Before choosing a company it is important to undertake some research about the company. These companies have been chosen based on the ratings and rankings from different job seeking sites. An online research will be conducted about the companys vision and mission, its centers, its policies (Joyce, 2016). A research about the companys image will also be conducted. Moreover, it is important to also understand and research about the organization culture and work culture of these companies. It is important to research about the growth prospects in the company, and how the company handles the ethical issues. Although, it is impossible for the job-seekers to get all the information about the company, however, the job seekers must conduct specific research analysis about the company, its goodwill, its brand image, its culture, and the opportunities company provides to its employees for growth and development. However, it is important for the job-seekers to gather all the available informati on about the company so as to have some understanding about its business and purpose. Gathering information about the company is helpful for the job-seekers in passing the interviews. It is important for the job-seekers to conduct an online search so as to gain knowledge about the company. There are different ways of finding a job. The most important ways of finding a job, are using the job portals, using references, and applying via the openings provided in employment newspapers or at company websites. Using the company websites and employment news was a common practice previously, however, today, people hardly visit the company websites for jobs, and dont use newspapers for finding jobs(Doyle, 2017). The method of using references was also influential previously; however, the companies are becoming merit-oriented, and believe in recruiting educated professionals based on their merits and skills. The above-mentioned methods are not widely practiced today for finding jobs. The most effective way of finding a job is the job portal method. The method is more effective because we can modify and customize our research and find the best companies that match our job preferences. Moreover, job-seekers can find best jobs from a variety of jobs. Marketing itself is a diverse field and includes different jobs and positions. The job portals make it easy for the job-seekers to manage their job search (Doyle, 2017). Moreover, the job portals allow jobseekers to further differentiate their career choices by using various departments, like branding, product management, advertisement, Public relations, and sales. Hence, it becomes easier for the job seeker to choose the career and position of their choice. Another major feature of the job portal is that the employees can apply for multiple companies at a time, which saves their time an energy. The job portals include the relevant experience required for the employees to apply for a particular job, and thereby minimize the hassle for the organizations as well as for the job-seekers. Based on the simplicity and ease of job-search, job portals and job seeking websites are considered as the most effective way of job-search. Conclusion Employment contributes towards the economy and plays a major role in improving the society. Today, there are various job opportunities for job-seekers, however, it is important for the job-seekers to effectively manage their job-search and choose an appropriate career that matches their skills and knowledge. The report provides a detailed analysis of the job market and facilitates job-seeking process for the freshers. References BusinessSchools. (2016). Business Schools. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from www.businessschools.com: https://www.allbusinessschools.com/marketing/salary/ Care. (2017). CARE Australia. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.care.org.au/careers/volunteer/ Doyle, A. (2017). The Balance. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/top-best-job-websites-2064080 Glassdoor. (2017). Glassdoor. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Salaries/sydney-marketing-executive-salary-SRCH_IL.0,6_IM962_KO7,26.htm GreatPlacetoWork. (2017). Great Place to Work. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.greatplacetowork.com.au/best-companies/best-places-to-work-in-australia-100-or-more-employees ICI. (2014). International Career Institute. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.ici.edu.au/blog/the-best-20-australian-job-and-career-sites/ Ifezue, A. (2005). The Role of Marketing in Economic Development in Developing Countries. Innovative Marketing (Hybrid) , 1 (1). Joyce, S. (2016). Job-Hunt. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.job-hunt.org/choosing.shtml Lake, L. (2017). The Balance. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/exploring-careers-in-marketing-2294887 Lake, L. (2017, July). The Balance. Retrieved Spetember 5, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/what-does-a-marketer-do-2295194 McCauley, D. (2017). News.com.au. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/careers/pwc-named-australias-top-company-to-work-for-by-linkedin/news-story/e1a36acf32b2081c7079385ef853e1dd Molloy, F. (2015, November). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/national/tertiary-education/your-future-job-2020-trends-for-uni-graduates-20151116-gl0ec6.html Paquette, C. (2014). ESSA. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from ESSA: https://economicstudents.com/2014/05/the-effect-of-omitting-unpaid-work-from-national-accounts/ Salt, B. (2017, May 18). The Australian. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/bettercities/job-growth-in-australia-points-to-future-prosperity/news-story/4e6b4a314798e41a602254513f03aaf2 Scherman, J. (2014). Rasmussen College. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/business/blog/how-to-become-marketing-manager/ Sinibaldi, T. (2016). Chandler Macleod. Retrieved Spetember 5, 2017, from https://www.chandlermacleod.com/blog/australias-employment-trends/ UMICH. (2017). International Center UMICH. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://internationalcenter.umich.edu/students/employment-volunteer VisaBureau. (2017). Visa Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2017, from https://www.visabureau.com/australia/news/23-05-2017/current-job-market-in-australia.aspx

Orgin Of The Korean War Essays - Member States Of The United Nations

Orgin of the Korean War Orgin of the Korean War When someone mentions the Korean War, everyone knows that it was a civil war between the North and the South Korea. But many don't know how it actually got started. There are a lot of things that happened before the North Koreans decided to cross over the 38th parallel. The Korean civil war was just a small part of the whole war. The war also included more than just Koreans, like other countries such as Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. In the nineteenth century, Korea was just a small peasant society that paid tribute to the Chinese. But when the Russian and Japanese imperialism made a huge effect on the China, Korea was looked at differently. By the end of the century, Korea had become a prize in a three-way contest between China, Russia and Japan. In 1894, Japan defeated China, thus eliminating them from the contest. Then in 1905, Japan defeated Russia, making them the dominant power in Korea. In 1910, Japan took over Korea and made them into a Japanese colony. After struggling for forty years as a Japanese colony, Korea now had to struggle as a pawn in the newly created Cold War. The Americans decided to land troops to occupy Korea at the end of the war as soon as they found out that the Russia was interested in overtaking the Korea as their sphere of interest. The Soviet Union's occupying Korea would create and entirely new strategic situation in the Far East. Though the Pentagon decided that interest towards Korea was not going to be a long-term interest to the US, their view changed drastically within three weeks. On August 10, 1945, dropping of the Nagasaki bomb finalized the participation of the US occupation in Korea. Unexpected by the United States, the Soviet Union agreed to accept the 38th parallel as their limit of advance. Russia and the United States met in Potsdam and decided that it would be for the best if they were to accept the surrender of the Japanese forces in Korea by dividing the country at the 38th parallel. Korea had unexpectedly found themselves separated. North Korea was now set up to work as a satellite state for China and South Korea was to become a free nation prepared by the United States. By the year of 1950, the North Korea People's Army was trained and equipped by the Soviet Union. North Koreans were now heavily trained and now had an aggressive military force. They were well equipped with Russian small arms, artillery, armor, and fighter planes. By 1950 the balance of power was moved drastically towards the North Koreans, making the South Koreans in a venerable situation. The North Koreans had the South outnumbered in every type of military force. North Korea decided to unify Korea by direct military action hoping that the United States would not interfere. North Korea felt that the United States would have too much too lose by interfering, so they went and decided to confront South Korea. During the period of June 15th through the 20th, the North Koreans secretly moved close to the 38th parallel. North Korean Forces invaded Republic of Korea territory at 4 a.m., crossing the 38th parallel. By 9 a.m. the city of Kaesong was captured with some ten North Korean tanks participating in the operation. From the nature of the attack and the manner in which it was launched, it constituted an all-out offensive against the Republic of Korea. When the North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel on the 25th of June, it was more than just a struggle amongst Koreans. It was actually a clash between Russia and the United States. This war lasted until the year of 1953, finally coming to an end with the General Mark W. Clark signing the armistice. The Korean War wasn't just a war that was between North Korea and South Korea. There were many different influences that led to the crossing of the 38th parallel by the North Koreans. When you break down the Korean War and see it for what it actually is, you can have a better understanding of what happened that led to the crossing of the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. Though the actual civil war only lasted for 3 years, you have to take into account that it was the territorial fight against the other counties such as Japan, China, Soviet Union and United States that led to the civil war on the June 25, 1950. The whole war

Narccisistic Personality Disorder

Narccisistic Personality Disorder Free Online Research Papers Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is defined as in the American Heritage Dictionary as excessive love or admiration of oneself, a psychological condition characterized by self-preoccupation, lack of empathy, and unconscious deficits in self-esteem, erotic pleasure derived from contemplation or admiration of ones own body or self, especially as a fixation on or a regression to an infantile stage of development, and the attribute of the human psyche characterized by admiration of oneself but within normal limits. Personality disorder is defined by the Fourth Edition Text Revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts, and are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress. DSM-IV-TR specifies that these dysfunctional patterns must be regarded as noncon forming or deviant by the persons culture, and cause significant emotional pain and/or difficulties in relationships and occupational performance. Narcissistic Personality Disorder is found in Axis III of the DSM-IV-TR in section 301.81 with personality disorders. Narcissistic Personality Disorder is categorized with the Cluster B personality disorders: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic. Cluster B personality disorders are described as dramatic, emotional, or erratic. The diagnostic criteria for Narcissistic Personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following criteria. Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g. exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements). He or she is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love. Believes that he or she is â€Å"special† and unique and can only be understood by or should associate with, other special or high-status people. He or she requests excessive admiration. Has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatments or automatic compliance with his or her expectations. Hi or she is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends. He or she lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others. He or she is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her. He or she shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes. The term narcissistic is derived from an ancient Greek legend, the story of Echo and Narcissus. According to the legend, Echo, a woodland nymph, fell in love with Narcissus. He was an uncommonly handsome as well as an exceptionally vain young man. He disdainfully rejected her expressions of love. Echo pined away and died. The god Apollo was angered by Narcissus pride and self-satisfaction, and condemned him to die without ever knowing human love. One day, Narcissus was feeling thirsty, saw a pool of clear water nearby, and knelt beside it in order to dip his hands in the water and drink. He saw his face reflected on the surface of the water and fell in love with the reflection. Unable to win a response from the image in the water, Narcissus eventually died beside the pool. Sigmund Freud wrote an essay in 1914 entitled On Narcissism. Freud introduced a distinction between primary and secondary narcissism. Freud thought that all human infants pass through a phase of primary narcissism, in which they assume they are the center of their universe. This phase ends when the baby is forced by the realities of life to recognize that it does not control its parents (or other caregivers) but is in fact entirely dependent on them. In normal circumstances, the baby gives up its fantasy of being all-powerful and becomes emotionally attached to its parents rather than itself. What Freud defined as secondary narcissism is a pathological condition in which the infant does not invest its emotions in its parents but rather redirects them back to itself. He thought that secondary narcissism developed in what he termed the pre-Oedipal phase of childhood; that is, before the age of three. From a Freudian perspective, narcissistic disorders originate in very early childhood development, and this early origin is thought to explain why they are so difficult to treat in later life. There are two major theories about the origin and nature of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Heinz Kohut’s theory regards Narcissistic Personality Disorder as a form of arrested psychological development while Otto Kernberg’s theory regards Narcissistic Personality Disorder as a young childs defense against psychological pain. Kohut and Kernberg agree with Freud in tracing the roots of Narcissistic Personality Disorder to disturbances in the patients family of origin, specifically to problems in parent-child relationships before the child turned three. Kohut and Kernberg disagree is the nature of these problems. According to Kohut, the child grows out of primary narcissism through opportunities to be mirrored by (i.e., gain approval from) his or her parents and to idealize them, acquiring a more realistic sense of self and a set of personal ideals and values through these two processes. On the other hand, if the parents fail to provide appropriate opportunities for id ealization and mirroring, the child remains stuck at a developmental stage in which his or her sense of self remains grandiose and unrealistic while at the same time he or she remains dependent on approval from others for self-esteem. Kernberg views Narcissistic Personality Disorder as rooted in the childs defense against a cold, unsympathetic parent, usually the mother. Emotionally hungry and angry at the depriving parents, the child withdraws into a part of the self that the parents value, whether looks, intellectual ability, or some other skill or talent. This part of the self becomes hyper inflated and grandiose. Any perceived weaknesses are split off into a hidden part of the self. Splitting gives rise to a lifelong tendency to swing between extremes of grandiosity and feelings of emptiness and worthlessness. In both accounts, the child emerges into adult life with a history of unsatisfactory relationships with others. The adult narcissist possesses a grandiose view of the self but has a conflict-ridden psychological dependence on others. One dimension of Narcissistic Personality Disorder that must be considered is the social and historical context. Shortly after World War II older practitioners noticed a change in their patient population. Instead of seeing patients who suffered from obsessions and compulsions related to a harsh and punishing superego, psychiatrists were treating more patients with character disorders related to a weak sense of self. Instead of a judgmental and overactive conscience, these patients had a weak or nonexistent code of morals. They differed greatly from the patients that Freud treated, described, and analyzed. The next generation of psychiatrists began to interpret their patients character disorders in terms of narcissism. In the 1960s, historians and social critics drew the attention of the general public to narcissism as a metaphorical description of Western culture in general. Psychiatrists saw several parallels between trends in the larger society and the personality traits of people diagnosed with narcissistic disorders. In short, they argued that the advanced industrial societies of Europe and the United States were contributing to the development of narcissistic disorders in individuals in a number of respects. Some of the trends they noted include the mass medias preoccupation with lifestyles of the rich and famous rather than with ordinary or average people, the social approval of open displays of money, status, or accomplishments rather than modesty and self-restraint, preference for a leadership style that emphasizes the leaders outward appearance and personality rather than his or her inner beliefs and values, the growth of large corporations and government bureaucracies that favor a managerial style based on impression management rather than objective measurements of performance, and social trends that encourage parents to be self-centered and to resent their childrens legitimate needs. Although discussion continues about the location and forms of narcissism in the larger society, no one denies that personality disorders both reflect and influence the culture in which they arise. Family therapists are reporting the treatment of families in which the children are replicating the narcissistic disorders of their parents. Kohut suggested the etiology of narcissism as a result of a developmental arrest; that is, a mismatch of the childs normal narcissistic needs and the environments ability to adequately respond to them. Kernbergs opinion regarding the etiology of narcissism as a result of an instinctual or structural conflict but in the case of narcissism, the conflict is not centered around the oedipal complex but rather on issues that predate the oedipal complex. According to DSM-IV-TR, 2% to 16% of the clinical population and slightly less than 1% of the general population of the United States suffers from Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Between 50% and 75% of those diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder are males. These numbers could be disproportional as there are discrepancies in the diagnosis of personality disorders. For example, if a person has symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder and has a substance abuse problem, some of the narcissistic behavior might be contributed to the mood-altering properties of certain narcotics. Treatment options for Narcissistic Personality Disorder consist of psychoanalytical therapy, cognitive behavior therapy; group therapy, family therapy, and individual therapy are the preferred treatment options. The diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder does not in and of itself imply a given treatment. Because the range of narcissistic character pathology is broad and the capacities and circumstances of the patients varied, treatment must be tailored to each individual case. Motivation, insight, and life circumstances need to be taken into account in formulating a realistic treatment plan and treatment goals. Narcissistic personality disorder presents in a full range of severity, from episodically troublesome dysphoria to crippling existential emptiness and lack of meaningful relationships and goals, and treatment is prescribed accordingly. Treatment recommendations, therefore, are based on clinical experience. Although some form of individual psychotherapy is generally rec ommended, couples, family, and group therapy are useful in certain cases. A University of Georgia study suggests that social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace might be useful tools in determining whether someone is a narcissist. By examining three areas of a person’s profile untrained observers were able to identify a person with narcissistic tendencies. The untrained observers looked at the quantity of social interaction, attractiveness of the individual, and the degree of self-promotion of the individual’s main photograph. The number of friends and number of wall postings or comments that individuals have on their profile page positively correlate with narcissism. This behavior is consistent with narcissistic people in the real world, numerous, yet shallow and superficial relationships. Narcissists are more likely to use glamorous and self-promoting pictures for their main profile picture, where other people use snapshot or candid photographs. Research Papers on Narccisistic Personality DisorderThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtMind Travel

Redesigned SAT Test Format

Redesigned SAT Test Format    The Redesigned SAT test is more than just one giant exam. It is a compilation of smaller, timed segments that are subdivided by subject matter. Think of the test more like a novel with a few chapters. Just as it would be really difficult to read an entire book without having any stopping points, it would be difficult to take the SAT as one lengthy exam. Hence, the College Board decided to break it up into test sections.   Redesigned SAT Test Scoring Both the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section and the Mathematics section are worth between 200 - 800 points, which is similar to the old SAT scoring system. Your composite score will land somewhere between 400 - 1600 on the exam. If you are anything like most of the country, your average composite score will be right around a 1090.   Need more details? Check out the Old SAT vs. Redesigned SAT Chart.   Redesigned SAT Format Section Time Questions Skills Tested Evidence-Based Reading 65 minutesBroken into four passages and one pair of passages from literature, historical documents, social sciences, and natural sciences. 52 multiple choice questions Reading closely, Citing contextual evidence, Determining central ideas and themes, Summarizing, Understanding relationships, Interpreting words and phrases in context, Analyzing word choice, purpose, point of view, and argument. Analyzing quantitative information and multiple texts. Mathematics 80 minutesBroken into Calculator and a No-Calculator sections 58 multiple choice questions and one section of grid-in questions Linear equations and systems of linear equations,Ratios, proportional relationships, percentages, and units, Probabilities, Algebraic expressions, Quadratic and other nonlinear equations, Creating, using, and graphing exponential, quadratic, and other nonlinear functions, Solving problems related to area and volume, Applying definitions and theorems related to lines, angles, triangles, and circles, Working with right triangles, the unit circle, and trigonometric functions Writing and Language 35 minutesBroken up into four passages from careers, history/social studies, humanities and science 44 multiple choice questions Development of ideas, Organization, Effective language use, Sentence structure, Conventions of usage, Conventions of punctuation Optional Essay 50 minutes 1 prompt that asks the reader to analyze the authors argument Comprehension of source text, Analysis of source text, Evaluation of the authors use of evidence, Support for claims or points made in the response, Focus on features of the text most relevant to addressing the task, Use of organization, varied sentence structure, precise word choice, consistent style and tone, and conventions    Things You Need to Know About the Redesigned SAT Rather than memorizing list after list of words you may never see or hear again, you simply will need to understand applicable, appropriate, and usable vocabulary in a passage of text based on the context in which the words are situated.  Vocabulary is much easier on the Redesigned SAT than it was in the past.  You will need to be able to interpret, draw conclusions from, and use any text youre given whether its an infographic, a multi-paragraph passage from literature, or even a career-related passage. What might this look like? Perhaps you will need to analyze a series of paragraphs to make sure they are grammatically and contextually correct or pair the information conveyed through a graphic with a passage to find the best answer.Although the SAT Essay is optional, most students will end up taking it. And if you do,  then you will need to be able to read a passage, pick apart an authors argument, then clearly analyze the authors stylistic choices, logic, and evidence in you r own essay. The essay is not simply one of those What do  you  think? types of essays! You will be asked to solve multi-step problems in science, social science, career scenarios, and other real-life contexts. You will also be asked to read a scenario presented in text form, then answer questions about it, then model it mathematically.

Methods of Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of Data Collection - Assignment Example In a structured interview, there are set of questions that are asked by the researcher and there is nothing more than this. (Leedy,1997). Face -to -face interview data collection method has a distinct advantage that enables the researcher to come up with a report that has potential participants. Hence this makes him able to gain their cooperation. In survey research, this interview produces the highest response rates. It also enables the researcher to be able to clarify answers that are ambiguous, seek follow-up information and when appropriate. Some of the limitations include time-consuming, expensive and impractical when large samples are used. (Leedy,1997). Telephone interviews method of data collection are less expensive and less time consuming and the researcher has easy access to anyone in the world with a telephone. The limitations are that the rate of response is not that high as that of the face-to-face interview but relatively higher as compared to the mailed questionnaire. There may be biases in the sample whereby the persons with no phones are included in the population where the researcher wants to draw inferences from. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing involves personal interviewing, whereby the interviewer comes along with a hand-held computer or a laptop to enter the information directly into the database instead of completing a questionnaire. This data collection method saves time during data processing. It also saves the interviewer from having hundreds of questionnaires. However, on the other hand, this method of data collection can be expensive to set up and needs the interviewers to have a computer as well as typing skills (Markham, 2004). Questionnaires normally make use of rating scales and Checklist. These devices usually help in quantifying and simplifying peoples attitudes and behaviours. A checklist is a list of characteristics, behaviours or other entities which the researcher is interested in.  Ã‚  

Critically examine the problem of corruption in the practice of Essay

Critically examine the problem of corruption in the practice of mediation and arbitration of international disputes - Essay Example onsequences for â€Å"stakeholders and society more broadly†.4While corruption is most often associated with bribery, corruption can occur by other means such as fraud, procurement of a specific outcome, conflicts of interests, improper enrichment and other dishonest mechanisms.5 Most states acknowledge that it is possible for an arbitral award to be obtained by virtue of corruption. At international law, the limited grounds upon which an arbitral award can be reviewed include the â€Å"procurement of the award by corruption† or corruption on the part of an arbitrator or arbitrators.6 Since mediators do not make binding decisions and merely help the parties arrive at their own resolution, the problems of corruption among mediators and parties in international disputes are not as problematic as corruption in binding arbitration.7 In either case, arbitrators and mediators are at risk of corruption charges in instances where the parties are denied equal treatment.8 Safegua rding against corruption in international mediation and arbitration is particularly important because it provides an alternative dispute resolution for parties suspicious of corruption among local judiciaries.9 For the most part, any business sector which might be entrusted with power is typically subjected to a code of conduct which is designed to engender trust in those sectors and thereby reduce perceptions of corruption. Some such codes are the European Code of Conduct for Mediators and the Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial Disputes. These codes define what amounts to tolerable standards of conduct, the role of the mediator/arbitrator and their duties and responsibilities.10 Setting standards of conduct however, does not by itself ensure that international arbitration and mediation are free of corrupt practices. In this regard, international conventions have established laws that indirectly identify corrupt practices and provide for enforcement techniques for corrupti on. For instance by virtue of Articles 34 and 36 of the UNCITRAL Model Law 1985 an arbitral award is subject to challenge and may not be enforced if the award is inconsistent with public policy.11 Article V(2) of the New York Convention 1958 makes a vastly similar provision.12 An award which is procured by or given under the auspices of corruption is typically perceived as inconsistent with public policy.13 As early as 1963 the ICC set a standard of conduct for dealing with cases in which corruption was obvious. The case was ICC Case No. 1110 in which arbitrator Lagergren did not determine the merits of a case when he found that there had been corruption. The case related to a contract in which an English company had agreed with an Argentine entity acting as intermediary for the acquisition of a utilities’ contract in Argentina. The agreement called for the Argentine entity to receive a commission of 10 per cent of the contract’s value. When the English company did not make good on the agreement, Lagergren ruled that he did not have jurisdiction since: Parties who ally themselves in an enterprise of the present nature must realize that they have forfeited any right to ask for assistance of the machinery of justice (national courts or arbitral tribunals) in settling their disputes.14 Developments since ICC Case No. 1110 indicate that arbitrators would rule on the merits of

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay Example for Free

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay This measurable activity can be detected by a Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, machine. The machine created a powerful magnetic field which aligned the hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio waves are used to alter the alignment of this magnetization which causes the atoms to emit a weak radio signal that can be detected by the machine. The subject lies very still in the MRI machine, essentially a giant cylinder. A movement of more than 3 mm could render the image useless so absolute stillness is a necessity. The test can take anywhere from 15 minutes to 2 hours and during that time the subject will undergo various stimulants designed to alter the neural activity (MRI 2007). In regards to detecting deceit, the subject would undergo a series of questions while the neural activity is monitored. At least two companies have been established to use fMRI for lie detection purposes, No Lie MRI, Inc. and Cephos Corporation (FRMI 2007). They represent the latest in scientific achievement for detecting the truthfulness of people. Since this technique is so new, there will obviously be questions to its reliability. However, these questions will work themselves through as more research is done on this particular topic. Unfortunately, several court cases may have determined that this technique may not be admissible in court. On the federal side the court case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals changed how scientific â€Å"expert† evidence was determined to be admissible. According to D. Arthur Kelsey, the â€Å"pre-Daubert courts allowed scientific testimony when the underlying scientific theory or basis of opinion was generally accepted as reliable within the expert’s particular field† (Kesley 2006). This concept, as noted by Wikipedia entries, is known as the Frye test. It came about in 1923 in the case Frye v. United States which asked if the evidence was relevant and generally accepted. Modern critics complained that the Frye test was antiquated and did not allow for new, cutting-edge scientific evidence to be presented (Frye 2007). Other critics were concerned that if the evidence was allowed purely on relevance alone, too much scientific evidence include so called â€Å"junk science† would result. The Frye test was simply too simple for it to be used in the complex, modern world. An overhaul of that standard was needed. One man pushing for reform was Peter Huber. He wrote a book called Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. The book asserted that junk science was destroying the American courtroom. His theory was based on two premises. First, the average juror was too stupid to understand what is and what is not junk science. The second premise was the result of junk science discourages companies from introducing better products in fear or being sued (Daubert 2007). In 1993, the Supreme Court revisited this issue to answer the modern problem of new scientific evidence. The ruling gave birth to the Daubert standard. This standard is based on two aspects: relevancy and reliability. The question of relevancy asks whether the evidence has anything to do with the case. Although some expert testimony can be related to a case, it may not necessarily be relevant to it. To determine whether evidence is considered reliable, the Supreme Court determined that the conclusions of the expert witness must have been derived using the scientific method (Daubert 2007). To meet the standard of the scientific method, four things are needed. First, the test or theory must be falsifiable, refutable, and testable. This is also called empirical testing. Second, it must be â€Å"subjected to peer review and publication. † Third, it must have a â€Å"known or potential error rate and the existence and maintenance of standards concerning its operation. † Finally, the theory and technique is generally accepted by a relevant scientific community† (Daubert 2007). Technically speaking the Frye test contained the last aspect of the scientific method, but it failed to include the first three. To summarize, the Daubert standard asks five questions from every new technique to determine if it is admissible. First, â€Å"has the technique been tested in actual field conditions (and not just in a laboratory)? † Second, â€Å"has the technique been subject to peer review and publication? † Third, â€Å"what is the known or potential rate of error? Is it zero, or low enough to be close to zero? † Fourth, â€Å"do standards exist for the control of the techniques operation? † Finally, â€Å"Has the technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community? (Daubert 2007)† Initial reaction was that of praise for the reform. However, according to the Tellus Institute the standard in practice has not been favorable. A 2002 RAND study showed a significant increase in the rejection of expert testimony of which 90% fell against the plaintiffs (Daubert 2007). The problem is judges are not scientists yet Daubert asks them to make scientific decisions. Essentially they because â€Å"amateur scientists. † In some states, plaintiffs prefer to use the state court because they tend to be friendlier to expert witnesses (Tellus 2007). Kelsey asserts that the Daubert shifts the question of who decides whether the scientific evidence is reliable from the scientific community to the judge. Under federal law, using the Daubert standard, the fMRI would questionable as admissible evidence. The problem is with the complex nature of the test itself. Although MRIs are generally accepted within the medical community, this concept is no longer used as a test since the Daubert standard replaced the Frye test. Judges now have to weigh whether or not the fMRI is reliable as evidence. For evidence to be considered admissible, the conclusions must derive from the scientific method. Unfortunately, one of the biggest critiques of the fMRI is how it does not follow the method of the scientific method. Wikipedia points out that â€Å"many theoretical models used to explain fMRI signals are so poorly specified that they are not falsifiable. † This is a central tenet of the scientific model. This only can exclude it as evidence and any good defense attorney will point that out to a judge. Also, critics claim that fMRI is simply a modern day phrenology. Phrenology is the theory that claims to be able to determine character and personality traits based on the shape of the head, according to Wikipedia (2007). This concept is derived by how fMRI looks for where hemodynamic activity occurs in the brain as opposed to how. Although this comparison is hardly fair considering one is not based on science and the other is. Nevertheless, it may be enough to have a judge throw it out as evidence. Relevancy also comes into question as the second part of Daubert. Although truth is always relevant in a case, are the specific subject’s results from an fMRI during questioning relevant? Based on this, most likely the fMRI would not pass the Daubert standard and not deemed admissible in court. This is unfortunate as the Daubert standard is essentially calling fMRI lie detection â€Å"junk science† when it is far from it. It is new science and the federal system does not allow for a practical way for new science to present itself. Rather it applies an old model against the new science. However, some states are making laws that allow techniques such as fMRI to be admissible. The state of Virginia is one such state that has sought to ensure that its evidence not fall prey to that of the Daubert standard. Kesley points out that Virginia disliked the Frye test more than the federal courts because it believed is yielded far too much power to the scientific community and not to the consensus of the specific jury. As a result in 1993 Virginia passed a law that used a then-existing Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to change its statues on how evidence was looked at. The Supreme Court also looked at the Federal Rule of Evidence and made its ruling on Daubert based on it. However, the Rule 702 has undergone 2000 amendments to make it into what is now the Daubert standard. Virginia, although it notes Daubert, refuses to accept any changes to the system (2006). Kesley goes on stating that expert testimony in Virginia must meet specific requirements. The assumption of the evidence cannot be speculative or rely on insufficient factual basis. It cannot contain â€Å"disregarded† variable, rely on â€Å"dissimilar tests,† or create an â€Å"illusory impression of exactness. † Judges do not deem the evidence reliable or unreliable. Instead they make what is called a â€Å"threshold finding. † Instead of ruling simply whether it is admissible or not, the judge determines whether a reasonable juror could distinguish between reliable and unreliable. Based on this, that state of Virginia would almost certainly accept the fMRI into evidence. Although the fMRI does not necessarily follow that of the scientific standard, this is not a basis to determine if the evidence is admissible in Virginia. So long as its relevancy is not questioned in its use, a judge will likely allow it to be used in court as evidence. Under Virginia statutes, the judge will only determine whether a reasonable juror could determine if the fMRI is reliable in the particular case. Even though there are questions to the fMRI’s exactness, the judge would still allow it to be presented. The Daubert cases shows how sweeping reforms, although well intended can result to a system worse than the one it replaced. By shifting focus from the experts to the judicial system, the Daubert standard placed a power on judges that they are ill-qualified to handle. It is also an insult to potential jurors that they are simply too stupid to determine for themselves what is and what is not. Although the scientific evidence can be confusing, the standard removed any chance to prove to a juror the evidence is indeed authentic, reliable, and trustworthy. The federal courts cannot go back to Frye. Frye opened the door to too much interpretation from the scientific community. Although one segment of the scientific community may agree with a piece of evidence, another may not. Which is correct? Are either correct? Frye left too many questions about the evidence and it yielded too much control to the scientific community. The federal system does need to adapt somehow. They cannot leave it they way it is. In contrast, the state of Virginia has provided a good, fair system for allowing scientific evidence to be presented. They, too, agreed that Frye was inadequate to be effectively used. It may have worked well in 1923, but it was time to move to the 21st century. However, Virginia did not make the mistake of shifting all the decision making from one group to another. Rather it diluted the power yielded by the scientific community and placed some control with the judged. Nevertheless it never removed the importance of the juror to the courtroom. Whereas the federal system seemed to treat the juror as unintelligent and not suited for big decision making, Virginia did not want to take away the big decision from the jurors. For the fMRI system it represents a new technological advance in lie detection. It also represents a new challenge to the courts. Based on the federal court case rulings, the fMRI system would not be allowed as evidence because it does not follow the scientific method. Despite all of its potential, the federal system removes this power tool because of a rigid standard applied to a dynamic technology. Most likely, this will only prevent the federal system from advancing. However, it may also motivate the federal system to change how it views evidence. FMRI, however, will be welcomed in Virginia as evidence. Despite its faults the Virginia system is flexible enough to accomidate new technology such as the fMRI, but is not too flexible to allow â€Å"junk science† to permeate amongst the other evidence. Between the two systems, in regards to how it is applied to fMRI, the Virginia system is more fair and realistic in today’s courtroom. Work Cited Daubert Standard (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Daubert_standard FRMI (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/FMRI Frye Test (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Frye_test Haemodynamic Response (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Haemodynamic_response Kesley, D. Arthur (2006) Virginia’s Answer to Daubert’s Question Behind the Question. Retrieved on Dec 3, 2007 from http://www. ajs. org/ajs/publications/Judicature_PDFs/902/Kesley_902. pdf Lie Detection (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lie_detection Tellus Institute (2003) Daubert: The Most Influential Supreme Court Ruling You’ve Never Heard Of. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://www. defendingscience. org/upload/Daubert-the-Most-Influential-Supreme-Court-Decision-You-ve-Never-Heard-Of-2003. pdf Lie Detection (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lie_detection

Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability Claim :: Sir Karl Popper Science Essays

Sir Karl Popper's Falsifiability Claim Popper's claim that "the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability" (Klemke, 1988) may be viewed as an observation of, rather than a complete departure from, earlier criteria for science. Klemke states in his introduction to part one (p. 16) that defining science (or the scientific method) has traditionally consisted of utilizing seven criteria that must be met in a specific order. Criteria number (5) and (6) refer to deduction rather than induction, and will negate criterion (4) if not met. Specifically, if one is unable to "deduce other statements from these", or one is unable to "verify those statements by further observations", it is not science. Therefore, the difference between Popper's claim and earlier theories of what constitutes science may be in definition. Popper himself states (Klemke, 1988, p.27) that observations are interpretations relative to the theory one wishes to support (or refute). One must define one's terms so that the theory itself is clear and open to rebuttal or verification. Perhaps the conflict between the earlier criteria for science and Popper's criterion is one of clarity, not theory. Although traditional theory on what science consists of is viewed as inductive, it appears that at least some of the criteria are, in fact, deductive. Criterion (5) explicitly refers to deduction, and criterion (6) refers to verification of said deduction(s). It would seem that Popper's conflict with accepted theory may be relative to traditional criteria (1)- "making observations as accurate and definite as possible." If one approaches the criteria for science previously regarded to be inductive as deductive (since it is not science without all seven criteria being met), perhaps Popper's own claim (that in order to be scientific a claim must be falsifiable) is a test of the previous theory. Accordingly, if one approaches Popper's claim as an attempt to falsify the previous theory of the criteria for science, one may address his theory somewhat differently. In Popper's own words (Klemke, p.27), " ... we may reject a law or theory on the basis of new evidence without necessarily discarding the old evidence which originally led us to accept it.". Popper rejects induction as the method of science and offers an alternative method - deduction. Using Popper's falsifiability criterion, the common theory of science as inductive has been rebutted. Popper's observation and testing of induction as a criterion for science has suggested a new criterion.

Fossils Nurse Essay

A fossil is the prehistoric remains of a plant or an animal. Fossils are usually are kept at their best when they are buried under many layers of sand and mud. Under the great pressure from the ground, the sand and the mud become sedimentary rock. The minerals combine forming a mould of the plant or animal under the ground. A fossil can be a trace fossil or a body fossil. A body fossil is what actual organic material from a creature or plant (like a bone). Trace fossils are signs of plants and animal activity that have been preserved in rock. For example, dinosaur tracks, trails and dung are all trace fossils. A body fossil is usually composed of bones of an animal. Preservation of the â€Å"soft† tissue of a body is rare especially over long periods of time. Most body fossils are made when an animal dies and falls, or is washed into a steam, and is covered with mud. In a few cases, though, fossils have been preserved by freezing (as with mammoths in Siberia and Alaska) or when the animals have become stuck and died in a tar pit (such as the famous La Brea tar pit near Los Angeles, California). Sometimes a fossil is the result of a volcanic eruption. Ash and mud from the volcano can cover animals and plants killing them at the same time. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It is also the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earths materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. Fossils are linked to geology because, it is the study on how the world has build up over the years and fossils are animals and plants from over the years. They have changed over time because they have become smaller and form in different ways like freezing and volcanic eruptions. Over the years fossils have told us about life forms we had no idea about and is proved with the fossils or bones we have today in museums. This is how fossils are linked to geology.

Curriculum packages,proposals or prescriptions? Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

This exposition will explore some of the major benefits of an adaptive approach to curriculum implementation in Zimbabwe, as a pose to an adoptive approach, namely increased professional autonomy and creative freedom for teachers, relevance to learner demographics and a wholesome learning experience. Considerations will also be made of the constraints of such an approach, chiefly the issue of resource intensity, accountability and control. It will also outline the applicability of an adoptive approach, in Zimbabwe’s examination oriented educational system, where homogeneity of delivery at the peripheral level is of essence. A curriculum provides the framework for how and when to teach what. McKimm (2007) suggests, the curriculum defines learning outcomes, timetables, content, appropriate teaching methods and assessment instruments. Materials such as teacher’s guides, recommended text books and syllabi for each subject all form part of the curriculum package. In the Zimbabwean context, the curriculum package is arranged by the centre, called the Central Curriculum Development Unit (CDU). The CDU prepares and distributes the curriculum package to the various provinces via the district office to the schools. Taking the curriculum as a proposal is like using it as a prop on the stage, it’s a mere accessory, and it accentuates the core theme of the story. It gives the setting while the actual script is in the hands of the director and cast who are the teacher and the learners respectively. In this case, modifications can be made to suit the geographical and social location of the learners. While a prescriptive approach implies the curriculum package is a script which is to be aped word for word and gesture by gesture, mimicking the demands of the examination. A prescription enforces rules about how a subject should be taught as such the teacher is like a drill sergeant implementing objectives in finite timeframes. To begin with, Ndawi and Maravanyika (2011), â€Å"argue that education and human experiences are too wide and too complex to be reduced down to specifiable and measurable objectives.† From this tenet, one can contend that when a curriculum package is used as a recommendation rather than dogma the teacher can regard every exchange as an opportunity for learning to occur, even when tacitly expressed in the curriculum package. Using this approach, the teacher is limited neither by explicit goals nor by resources, which are sometimes in short supply in resettlement schools, but rather empowered to incorporate innovative tactics, rich creativity and a wholesome range of experiences into his instruction. The product is a well-rounded and adaptable member of the wider society. By contrast having a prescribed curriculum, with exacted and measurable goals, unambiguous methods, specified teaching aids and finite timeframes, is a motivating factor for teachers in the Zimbabwean context where incentives inspire those whose pupils attain a certain level of academic prowess, measured strictly through structured examinations. Thus, it can be said that the system rewards homogeneity more than heterogeneity. What Lawton (1980) terms ‘†¦teacher’s legitimate desire for professional autonomy†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ has been motivated by the pronouncement by the Zimbabwean ministry of education to develop the standard of the teaching fraternity by awarding degreed teachers with job security and a disparate pay scale from that of their diploma holder counterparts. This trend of empowerment and upward mobility can sustain a proposal based approach, which requires highly trained and resourceful teachers. To this end, it is advantageous to approach the curriculum package as a suggested plan of action or recommendation, as it fulfills the teacher’s need to express his ingenuity and self actualise. On the contrary, this adaptive approach can be resource intensive. It takes expertise to enforce variations in curriculum delivery, and training this highly skilled manpower may not be financially feasible for the ministry of education. Where teachers are minimally trained or untrained as in the case of temporary teachers in Zimbabwe, the prescriptive slant tends to be enormously helpful as it defines exactly what to teach, when to teach it and how it should be taught. Textbooks and teacher’s guide explicitly state procedure. The Indian National Council of Educational Research and Training (2006) asserts, â€Å"†¦diversity of languages, social customs, manners, mores and uneven economic development, the needs and demands of individuals and society will have differential pulls on the school curriculum, varying from one region to the other.† Similarly, in Zimbabwe an adaptive approach can cater for the range of abilities, tribal nuances and economic strata found in any school community or classroom. In this light, the teacher is given room to improvise using locally available material, from the community’s culture and landscape, to suit learner demographics, thus the learning experience becomes socially relevant, meaningful and learners gain a sense of ownership of their education. Adversely, Lawton (1980), in this statement, â€Å"†¦secondary-modern-school curricula, often lacked structure and purpose†, alludes to the unconstructiveness, that can be generated by a laissez-faire approach to curriculum interpretation, where teachers have extensive flexibility to manipulate their instruction to suit the demographics of their community rather than the universal values which may be tested at Grade 7, O’ Level and A’ Level examinations. The prescriptive approach to curriculum implementation satisfies theâ€Å"†¦political need for some kind of system of accountability†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lawton (1980), as in the Zimbabwean case where there are considerably more state funded rural day schools than there are independent ones. When the prescriptive approach is unequivocally applied, teachers can account for their time and the resources the state has invested in the system by way of mid and end of term and final examinations, whereas, hybrid varieties of curriculum are more complex to control, monitor and assess. Delivery problems can be easily diagnosed and corrected. Again, variations may tend to be too localized, producing a breed of learners with limited regional or international marketability in this era of globalization and the information boom. In a subject like science and mathematics there is not much scope for local variations and the adoption of common textbooks in all parts of the country is feasible. Eunitah et al (2013) imply that, in developing socialist educational contexts like Zimbabwe, it is premature to do away with centrally prescribed curricula in order to accomplish uniformity in the provision of education. This uniformity means, all students in Zimbabwe use standardized learning material and receive a standard educational experience. When a student transfers from a rural to an urban school, as is the trend in developing countries, he has the assurance of continuity. Thus, the prescriptive approach to curriculum implementation achieves meritocracy and functionality. Moreover, the Zimbabwean curriculum pays more attention to acquired skills that can be measured; it is largely objectives oriented, in that learning outcomes are evaluated through summative examinations, from time to time. To this end, a prescriptive approach is more effective, as it provides exact standards and expectations of the learner while limiting deviations which may otherwise be of no relevance to the learner, come examination time. Lawton (1980) points out the love-hate relationship teachers may have with the examination system, though meritocratic and fair it can extend so far into the classroom that it stifles independent thinking, self-discovery, curiosity and creativity, which form part of wholesome learning. It can be concluded that while taking the curriculum package as a proposal, encourages a broader range of experiences and an expansive exercise of potentialities in learners due to its adaptability to various geographical and economic circumstances as is found in Zimbabwe. The prescriptive approach is equally beneficial and perhaps more applicable to Zimbabwe because of the nature of the education system which is examination oriented.

The Monkeys Paw Discussion Questions

The Monkeys Paw Discussion Questions The Monkeys Paw, written by W.W. Jacobs in 1902, is a famous supernatural tale of choice and tragic consequences thats been adapted and imitated for both stage and screen. The story revolves around the White family- mother, father, and their son, Herbert- who receive a fateful visit from a friend, Sergeant-Major Morris. Morris, late of India, shows the Whites a monkeys paw fetish hes acquired as a souvenir of his travels. He tells the Whites that the paw is reputed to grant three wishes to any person who possesses it, but also cautions that the talisman is cursed and that those who accept the wishes it grants do so at great cost. When Morris tries to throw the monkeys paw into the fireplace, Mr. White quickly retrieves it, despite his guests earnest protests that the thing is not to be trifled with: It had a spell put on it by an old fakir, said the sergeant-major, a very holy man. He wanted to show that fate ruled peoples lives, and that those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow.   Ignoring Morris warnings, Mr. White decides to keep the paw, and at Herberts suggestion, he wishes for  Ã‚ £200 to pay off the mortgage. As he makes the wish, White claims to feel the monkeys paw twisting in his grip, however, no money appears. Herbert teases his father for believing the paw might have magic properties. I dont see the money and I bet I never shall, he says, little knowing just how true his statement will turn out to be. A day later, Herbert is killed in an accident at work, mangled to death in the twisting grasp of a piece of machinery. The company disavows liability but does offer the Whites a payment of  £200 for their loss. More than a week after the funeral, a distraught Mrs. White begs her husband to wish their son back to life, to which he eventually agrees. Its only when the couple hears a knock at the door that they realize they dont know if Herbert, who has been dead and buried 10 for days, is going to return to them as he was prior to his accident- or in the form of a mangled, decomposing ghoul. In desperation, Mr. White uses his final wish...and when Mrs. White finally opens the door, theres no one there. Questions for Study and Discussion This is a very short story, and Jacobs has a lot to do in very little time to achieve his goals. How does he reveal which characters are trustworthy and reliable, and which ones may not be?  Why do you think Jacobs chose a monkeys paw as the talisman? Is there symbolism attached to a monkey that isnt associated with another animal?  Is the central theme of the story simply, Be careful what you wish for, or are there broader implications?This story has been compared to the works of Edgar Allan Poe. Is there a work of Poes this story closely relates to? What other works of fiction does The Monkeys Paw evoke?How does Jacobs use foreshadowing in this story? Was it effective in building a sense of dread, or did you find it melodramatic and predictable?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed?  How essential is setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?How would this story have been different if it were set in the present day ?The Monkeys Paw is considered a work of supernatural fiction. Do you agree with the classification? Why or why not? What do you think Herbert would have looked like if Mrs. White had opened the door before Mr. White used the final wish? Would it have been an undead Herbert standing on the threshold?Does the story end the way you expected? Do you think the reader is supposed to believe that everything that took place was just a series of coincidences, or that there really were metaphysical forces involved?

Which Schools Use the Coalition Application Complete List

Which Schools Use the Coalition Application Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ah, October. The changing of the leaves, the onset of autumn allergies...and the knowledge for high school seniors that slowly but surely, college application deadlines are drawing ever nearer. If you're applying to schools in the U.S., you've probably heard of the Common App before, but you may not know about the relatively new Coalition Application. The Coalition Application works pretty much the same way as the Common App- it's an online application that you only have tofill out once (aside from supplements for certain schools). This centralized application system is a big time saver if you're applying to multiple Coalition Application schools. To help you figure out if you can use the Coalition Application for the schools on your college wishlist, we've listed all the current Coalition Application schools in this article, broken down by state. What Is the Coalition Application? The Coalition Application is a centralized college application, first pioneered in 2016 by the Coalition for College Access, Affordability, and Success (often just referred to as the Coalition for College Access). For colleges to use the Coalition Application, they must meet the following criteria: Be open to students of different cultural, socio-economic, and geographic backgrounds Have low or no-debt financial aid, meet full demonstrated need, or offer in-state tuition Have high graduation rates (for low-income and under-represented students as well as overall) Almost all schools that are Coalition for College Access members allow students to use the Coalition Application to apply for admission. (The exception are schools like Illinois State University, which is still in the process of transferring over its application system as of October 2018.) What this means for you as an applicant is that instead of having to fill out separate applications for each school, you can instead fill out one central application (the Coalition Application) and submit it to whatever Coalition schools you want to apply to. In addition, because of the eligibility criteria schools have to meet to use the Coalition App, you can be at least somewhat assured that you're likely to graduate and that when you do, you won't be carting along a boatload full of student loan debt. However, just because schools accept the Coalition Application doesn't mean that you can apply to dozens of schools with just one click. Many of the Coalition schools have application supplements you have to submit, which can be anything from a couple of informational questions answered with a drop-down menu to multiple additional essays.Plus, each school has its own application fee (although the Coalition Application does allow eligible low-income students and U.S. armed forces vets or active members to waive this fee). When you stare into the eyes of the piggy bank, the piggy bank stares back also. Luckily, the Coalition app makes it easy to waive fees if you're eligible- no need to trouble Mr. Waddles. Who Uses the Coalition Application? More than 140 schools use the Coalition Application, including colleges in 35 states and Washington, DC. Because of the Coalition for College Access's commitment to affordability, there is a mix of both public and private schools who use the Coalition Application, including schools in the University of Washington (WA), Rutgers (NJ), and SUNY (NY) systems. Public schools on the list tend to offer free or low-cost in-state tuition, while private schools offer loan-free (or no-loan) financial aid or aid that fully meets demonstrated need. The requirement that students at Coalition colleges have high graduation rates (for low income and under-represented students in particular) means that schools that accept the Coalition Application tend both to be strong academically and offer a good support system for their students. Interestingly, there are 23 schools who accept the Coalition Application but don't accept the Common App: School Name State Clemson University SC Elon University NC James Madison University VA Loyola Marymount University CA North Central College IL Rutgers University- Camden NJ Rutgers University- New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University- Newark NJ St. Mary’s University TX Texas AM University TX The University of New Mexico NM The University of Texas at Austin TX University of Florida FL University of Georgia GA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign IL University of Maryland- College Park MD University of Montana MT University of Oklahoma OK University of South Carolina SC University of South Florida FL University of Washington- Bothell WA University of Washington- Seattle WA Virginia Tech VA The majority of schools in the table above are public universities who have their own application system in addition to the Coalition Application. Being able to apply to these public schools through a centralized application system like the Coalition Application is a huge boon to students who aren't exclusively applying to schools in the same university system. Finally, the Coalition Application is accepted by the following highly selective colleges and universities: The eight Ivy League schools (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, and Yale). Many other highly selective universities, including Stanford, UChicago, Caltech, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Johns Hopkins. Top liberal arts colleges, including Williams, Amherst, Swarthmore, Wellesley, Bowdoin, Pomona, and Middlebury. Highly-ranked public schools like UMich (Ann Arbor), UNC Chapel Hill, UT Austin, and UVA. Complete List of Coalition Application Schools And now, for the moment you've been waiting for: a list of all the schools that accept the Coalition Application. Currently, 147 schools (all in the United States) accept the Coalition Application, but we'll be sure to keep this blog post updated with any changes. The following list is organized alphabetically by state.If you want to find out if a specific school uses the coalition app, you can search this page for it using ctrl + F. Arizona Arizona State UniversityUniversity of Arizona California California Institute of Technology (Caltech)Claremont McKenna CollegeHarvey Mudd CollegeLoyola Marymount UniversityPomona CollegeStanford University Colorado Colorado College Connecticut University of ConnecticutWesleyan UniversityYale University Washington, DC American University Delaware University of Delaware Florida Florida Southern CollegeFlorida State UniversityRollins CollegeStetson UniversityUniversity of FloridaUniversity of South FloridaUniversity of Tampa When I look at this picture of the Rollins College campus, I don't at all regret going to college in New England. Not one bit. Especially not in December-March. Katy Warner/Flickr. Georgia Emory UniversityGeorgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)University of Georgia Illinois Illinois State University (pending)Knox CollegeNorth Central CollegeNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Indiana Depauw UniversityIndiana University- BloomingtonPurdue UniversityUniversity of Notre Dame Iowa University of Iowa Kentucky University of Kentucky Maine Bates CollegesBowdoin CollegeColby College The Bowdoin Bear not only serves as a memorial to Bowdoin alum and North Pole discoverer Admiral Peary- it also serves as a warning to prospective students of what Maine winters are like. Seth Glickman/Flickr. Maryland Johns Hopkins UniversityLoyola University MarylandSt John's CollegeUniversity of Maryland- College Park Massachusetts Amherst CollegeBabson CollegeBoston UniversityCollege of the Holy CrossHarvard UniversityMount Holyoke CollegeNortheastern UniversityFranklin W. Olin College Of EngineeringSimmons CollegeSmith CollegeTufts UniversityWellesley CollegeWilliams College Michigan Michigan State UniversityUniversity of Michigan Minnesota Carleton CollegeSt. Olaf CollegeUniversity of Minnesota- Twin Cities Missouri University of MissouriWashington University in St. Louis Montana University of Montana New Hampshire Dartmouth CollegeUniversity of New Hampshire New Jersey Drew UniversityPrinceton UniversityRamapo College of New JerseyRutgers University- CamdenRutgers University- New BrunswickRutgers University- NewarkThe College of New Jersey New Mexico The University of New Mexico New York Adelphi UniversityBarnard CollegeColgate UniversityColumbia UniversityHamilton CollegeManhattan CollegeMarist CollegeRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteSkidmore CollegeStony Brook UniversitySUNY Albany (University at Albany)SUNY Binghamton (Binghamton University)SUNY Buffalo (University at Buffalo)SUNY GeneseoUnion CollegeUniversity of RochesterVassar College North Carolina Davidson CollegeDuke UniversityElon UniversityNorth Carolina State University at RaleighUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillWake Forest University UNC Libraries Commons/Flickr Ohio Case Western Reserve UniversityDenison UniversityKenyon CollegeMiami University- OhioOberlin CollegeThe College of WoosterThe Ohio State UniversityUniversity of Dayton Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Oregon Reed CollegeUniversity of Oregon Pennsylvania Allegheny CollegeBryn Mawr CollegeBucknell UniversityFranklin Marshall CollegeHaverford CollegeJuniata CollegeLa Salle UniversityLycoming CollegeMercyhurst UniversityPenn State- University ParkSusquehanna UniversitySwarthmore CollegeUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PittsburghUrsinus College Riepe College, University of Pennsylvania. Chris Potako/Flickr. Rhode Island Brown University South Carolina Clemson UniversityUniversity of South Carolina Tennessee Vanderbilt University Texas Rice UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySt. Mary’s UniversityTexas AM UniversityThe University of Texas at AustinTrinity University Vermont Middlebury CollegeSaint Michael's CollegeUniversity of Vermont Virginia James Madison UniversitySweet Briar CollegeUniversity of Mary WashingtonUniversity of RichmondUniversity of VirginiaVirginia TechCollege of William Mary Washington University of Washington- BothellUniversity of Washington- Seattle Wisconsin Beloit CollegeCarroll University Buh-loyt? Bell-wah?Below-it? Only one way to find out: visit! (NB: not actually the only way.) Robin Zebrowski/Flickr. What's Next? The Coalition App isn't the only centralized application system in town. Find out which schools use the Common Application and which schools use the Universal College Application. Should you use the Common App or the Coalition App to apply to college? Our expert guide breaks down the pros and cons of each system. What about schools that aren't on either the Coalition or Common Application? We have specialized guides to popular schools that fit into that category, including Georgetown, ApplyTexas schools, and the University of California system. Application systems aside, how do you figure out what colleges belong on your wishlist to begin with? Learn more about how to figure out what colleges you should apply to here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Political Ideology and MNEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Ideology and MNEs - Essay Example In the era of globalization, MNEs act as investors to local economies, either inducing or reducing capital based on perceived political conditions. For example, if an MNE perceives the political ideology of a local government to be hostile to business interests, it can simply pull out of the country and invest that capital at a more favourable country. Authors Daniels et al touch upon this important facet to business practice in their book. Just as governing political ideology have a say in MNE decision making, the converse is also true. In this way, MNEs as a collective force hold a veto power over the decisions of governments. By collectively threatening to withdraw capital, MNEs can coerce governments into tailoring policies that suit their ends. Such is the world of real politic that often political ideology comes second to the imperatives of business needs. This other, more vicious, side to MNEs’ relationship to political ideology is not exposited in the book. This is a c onsiderable omission, for, often, businesses operate in the world of real-politic and not stated political ideology. The authors claim in their introduction to the book that their objective is to achieve an â€Å"effective balance between authoritative theory and meaningful practice.† But, disappointingly, this objective has not been met by virtue of the afore-stated omission. Just as Political Ideology has an impact on MNE operations, the local culture also has an impact. This facet to MNE management is brought to light by Redpath & Nielsen in their journal article titled ‘A Comparison of Native Culture, Non-Native Culture and New Management Ideology’ published in the prestigious French language journal Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L'Administration. One of the challenges facing MNEs when they enter a new market is dealing with local cultural sensibilities. There is no systematic approach to resolving this challenge. Often a charismatic leadership with a tact ful and diplomatic approach toward understanding local culture works best. Daniels et al in their book on International Business do not deal with this component of MNE operations in any great detail. On the other hand, the article by Redpath & Nielsen does. They describe â€Å"Hofstede’s five key dimensions of national cultural differences and examine the connections between cultural values and management practices.† (Redpath & Nielsen, 2007) Hofstede’s dimensions are then analyzed to â€Å"provide insights into the differences between Native and non-Native cultures and how Native organizations may draw on traditional cultural values to improve organizational effectiveness. In general, Native cultures are described as collectivist, egalitarian, adaptive, and tolerant. The argument is made that the cultural context in which Native organizations operate is in many ways more compatible with the new management ideology than is the society in which this ideology pre vails.† (Redpath & Nielsen, 2007) One of the drawbacks in the book by Daniels and his team is the lack of rigor in referring to economic theories that are the backbone of modern business. For example, the major principles of capitalism as laid down by Adam Smith, and which are still central to modern business operations, do find much mention at all. It should be remembered that capitalism is as much a political ideology as it is an economic system. In the era of neoliberal capitalism, this sparse treatment of theory by Daniels et al is a

Conversation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conversation - Essay Example Such a practice invariably ends with the death of the fox and oftentimes severe physical injury to the terrier due to the wounds that the fox has inflicted upon it as an act of self defense and being cornered. Phyllis Daugherty, the author of the newspaper article that discusses this practice proffers to the reader that the government of Ireland is currently considering legislation that would ban the practice of the â€Å"digout† itself; however, such legislation would have no effect on the continued prevalence of fox hunting as such (Aaltola 395). With regards to how this particular news article would relate to Pollan’s analysis that we have read, this author would have to connect it to one of the primary points that Pollan made concerning animal rights. As Pollan’s article progresses, he develops a rhythmic analysis of animal rights that uses a type of Boolean logic to draw the reader in to understanding the complexities of the given viewpoints. Due to the fact that these viewpoints deal with such issues as morality, ethics, the further definition of animal welfare/fair treatment, and rights, Pollan incorporates metaphorical parallels to other â€Å"rights† issues that have preceded animal rights in order to more fully develop and nuance his approach (Pollan 59). In order to understand Pollan’s view on the particular process as it relates to the fox hunt and the practice of the â€Å"digout† one must first broach the topic of what is meant by the term â€Å"equality† within the given news article that has been selected. The given news article expressly connects the ideas put forward by Pollan and Singer; ethically humans have responsibilities. Therefore, what one determines to make of these responsibilities therefore becomes the crux of the matter (Singer 11). Says the news article, â€Å"Fox  hunting  is a ‘blood sport,’ masked as an elite activity. Introduced in the 16th Century in the U.K.,   fox  hunting  is still popular in Ireland.  Ã‚  Fox  hunting  involves the tracking, chasing and killing of a helpless, terrorized fox hounded for hours until exhaustion delivers  it to the waiting dogs, to be killed in a frenzy of biting and savagery† (Daugherty 1). Regardless of how one feels about the issues of animal rights, the Daugherty article appeals to the dignity of life as a means to end such savage practices in the same way that Pollan and Singer evoke the higher ethical principles of overall equality and the nonsensical nature of animal cruelty. In this way, although the topics that Daugherty, Singer, and Pollan discuss are divergent, they all hinge on the belief that humans possess an innate responsibility towards other animals. Although Singer and Pollan would take this idea of responsibility further, Daugherty assumes that at the very least, this concept applies to lack of cruelty. Pollan discusses this idea of responsibility within the first tw o pages of his analysis and begins to encourage the reader to take a position as to how they stand upon this principle. Likewise, if one pursues the basis that equality is a moral ideal that should be ascribed to all things equally, there is but one logical end for the reader. Pollan describes such a process by defining that equality, as it relates to humans, does not mean that all people are equally intelligent; instead, he argues through the logic of Peter Singer that the idea of equality